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| '''Mount Ebal''' is one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the ] city of ] (] ''Shechem''), and forms the northern side of the valley in which Nablus is situated, the southern side being formed by ]<ref></ref>. The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the West Bank, as well as being higher than most mountain peaks in Israel, and rises to 3077 feet (900 meters) above ], some 228 feet (19 meters) higher than Mount Gezirim<ref>Matthew Sturgis, ''It aint necessarily so'', ISBN 974724510X</ref>. Mount Ebal is approximately 6.5 square miles (18 square kilometers) in area<ref>ibid</ref>, and is composed primarily of limestone<ref>Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica''</ref>. The slopes of the mountain contain several large caverns which were probably originally quarries<ref>ibid</ref>, and at the base towards the north are several tombs<ref>'']''</ref>. | |||
| '''Mount Ebal''', a mountain peak 940 meters above sea level just north of the ] city of ]. It is mentioned in the Bible | |||
| :] 11:29-30; 27:11-26 | |||
| :] 8:30-35. | |||
| and in a number of ancient sources, among them the ] of ]. | |||
| ==Biblical account== | |||
| In the ] of ] and the ] version of the same, an instruction is given to build an altar on Mount Ebal, constructed from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place stones there and whiten them with lime<ref>'']''</ref>, to make ], eat there, and write the words of ''this law'' on the stone<ref>Deuteronomy 27:4-8</ref>. According to the ] version of Deuteronomy, the instruction actually concerns Mount Gezirim, which the ]s view as a holy site<ref>''Peake's commentary on the Bible''</ref>; scholars believe that the Samaritan version is probably more accurate in this respect, the compilers of the masoretic text and authors of the Septuagint being likely to be biased against the Samaritans<ref>ibid, et passim</ref>. | |||
| An instruction immediately subsequent to this orders that, once this is done, the Israelites should split into two groups, one to stay on Mount Ebal and pronounce curses, while the other goes to Mount Gezirim and pronounces blessings<ref>Deuteronomy 27:11-13</ref>. The tribes ], ], ], ], ], and ] were to be sent to Gezirim, while those ], ], ], ], ], and ], were to remain on Ebal<ref>ibid</ref>. No attempts to explain this division of tribes either by their Biblical ] or by their geographical distribution have been generally accepted in academic circles<ref>''Peake's commentary on the Bible''</ref>. | |||
| The text goes on to list twelve curses, which were to be pronounced by the ] priesthood and answered by the people with '']''<ref>Deuteronomy 15-26</ref>. These ''curses'' heavily resemble laws (eg ''cursed be he who removes his neighbour's landmark''), and they are not followed by a list of blessings described in a similarly liturgical framework; scholars believe that these more likely represent what was written on the stones, and that the later list of six explicit blessings<ref>Deuteronomy 28:3-6</ref>, six near-corresponding explicit curses<ref>Deuteronomy 28:16-19</ref>, were originally in this position in the text<ref>''Peake's commentary on the Bible''</ref>. The present position of these explicit blessings and curses, within a larger narrative of promise, and a far larger narrative of threat (respectively), is considered to have been an editorial decision for the post-exilic second version of Deuteronomy (''Dtr2''), to reflect the ]'s worldview after the ] had occurred<ref>ibid</ref>. | |||
| In the ], after the Battle of ], Joshua built an altar of unhewn stones there, the Israelites then made peace offereings on it, the ''law of Moses'' was written onto the stones, and the Israelites split into the two groups specified in Deuteronomy and pronounced blessings and cursings as instructed there<ref>Joshua 8:31-35</ref>. There is some debate between ] as to whether this incident in Joshua is one account or spliced together two different accounts, where one account refers to Joshua building an altar, and making sacrifices on it, while the other account refers to Joshua placing large stone slabs there that had been whitened with lime and then had ''the law'' inscribed on them<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref>. Either way there is general agreement that the sources of Joshua predate Deuteronomy, and hence that the order to build the altar and make the inscription is likely based on these actions in the sources of Joshua, rather than the other way round, possibly to provide an ] for the site acceptable to the deuteronomist's theology<ref>], ''Who wrote the Bible''; ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Joshua'', ''Deuteronomy'', et passim</ref>. | |||
| Much later in the Book, when Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at Shechem, and gave a farewell speech, and then wrote ''these words in the book of the law of ]'', and set up a stone as a witness, placing it next to the ''sanctuary of Yahweh'', under ''the oak tree''<ref>Joshua 27:1-27</ref>. Depending on the way in which the sources of Joshua were spliced together, this may just be another version of the earlier narrative Joshua placing the whitened stones slabs with ''the law'' inscribed on them, and some scholars believe that this narrative may have originally been in an earlier location within the Book of Joshua<ref>''Peake's commentary on the Bible''</ref> | |||
| Scholars consider it plausible for the sanctuary to have been pre-Israelite<ref>ibid</ref>, particularly as archaeologists believe that the narrative of the ] is a composite of earlier independent folk tales from different eras, and that Joshua was unlikely to have existed as such<ref>], ''The Bible Unearthed''</ref>. It is possible that the name of the mountain is indicative of this, as it is thought that ''Ebal'' may have an etymology deriving in part from '']''<ref>Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica''</ref>. According to the narrative about ] in the ], Shechem was a site where there was a sanctuary of ''El-Berith'', also known as ''Baal-Berith'', meaning ''God of the covenant'' and ''Lord of the covenant'', respectively<ref>Judges 9</ref>; scholars have suggested that the Joshua story about the site derives from a covenant made there in Canaanite times<ref>ibid; ''Peake's commentary on the Bible'' et passim</ref>. In the narrative of Judges, the ''pillar that was in Shechem'' is seemingly significant enough to have given its name to a nearby plain<ref>Judges 9:6</ref>, and this pillar is thought to be likely to have been a totem of ''El-Berith''; the Joshua story, of a stone being set up as a witness, simply being an attempt to provide an aetiology in accordance with later Israelite theology<ref>Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica''</ref>. | |||
| In the Biblical narrative, the ''oak tree'', seemingly next to the sanctuary, was evidently in existence as early as the time of the Patriarchs, as ] is described in the book of ] as having buried the idols of ''strange gods'' (formerly worshipped by his household) beneath it<ref>Genesis 12:6</ref>. According to a midrash, one of these Idols, in the shape of a ], was later recovered by the Samaritans, and used in their worship on Mount Gezirim<ref>Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>. | |||
| ==Archaeology== | |||
| The higher part of the mountain, on the west, contains the ruins of some massive walls called ''Al-Kal'ah'', and east of this are other ruins now called ''Kunaisah''<ref>Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>. However, potentially much more significant remains have been found on the northern side. | |||
| Like many other sites in the region, by the 20th century there was a large stone heap found on Mount Ebal; this one was known to locals as ''el Burnat'' (] for ''the Hat''), and was found within a naturally shaped '']''<ref>Matthew Sturgis, ''It aint necessarily so'', ISBN 974724510X</ref>. Upon archaeological investigation, several ]s were found among this heap, and were dated to 1220-1000BC, a date for which no other remains are found nearby<ref>ibid</ref>, and so a more substantial archaelogical excavation was launched at the site in 1987<ref>ibid</ref>. The excavation found a large walled structure, seemingly built direct into the bedrock without a doorway or floor, and had been infilled by layers of stone, ash, and earth<ref>ibid</ref>; on the southwest were found two paved areas split apart by a further wide wall higher at one end than the other and with a surrounding oval wall<ref>ibid</ref>. Slowly burnt bones were found at the site, and after analysis were discovered to originate from ], ], and ]<ref>ibid</ref>. Notably, though they are ], fallow deer are never specified as a ] by the Bible<ref>ibid</ref>. | |||
| Although the excavating archaeologist believed that the side was the compound containing Joshua's altar<ref>ibid</ref>, the filled walled structure being the altar itself - the filling being a part of the altar rather than debris (and indicative of an ]n style altar<ref>ibid</ref>, like that specified in the Book of Exodus as being ''hollow with boards''<ref>exodus 27</ref>) - and the ''wall'' between the two courtyards being a ramp (in accordance with the ''no steps'' instruction in Exodus<ref>exodus 26</ref>), most other archaeologists believe it to be something else<ref>Matthew Sturgis, ''It aint necessarily so'', ISBN 974724510X</ref>. The site has a significant issue in regard to the Biblical account of Joshua's altar, as it is located on the north side of the mountain, and not the south side facing Gerizim, making a curse & blessing ritual held there and on Gerizim somewhat difficult to hold ]ally<ref>ibid</ref>; the excavating archaeologist proposed that this could be resolved by identifying a mountain to the north as Gerizim rather than the usual location, though the suggestion was ridiculed by both the ] who found it offensive to move the centre of their religion, and by other scholars and archaeologists. | |||
| Though some archaeologists agree with the consideration that the site was an altar compound (though not constructed by ''Joshua''), and some (including ]) at least agree that it was a cultic location (though not necessarily involving an altar), others believe that it was simply a farmhouse and/or the Biblical ''tower of Shechem''<ref>ibid</ref>. Those considering it to be a farmhouse and/or the ''tower of Shechem'', argue that the paved areas are simply rooms, the ''sloping'' wall simply an ] partition wall, and the infilled enclosure a room that was later changed into a tower - the foundation of the tower being the infill, and the rest of the tower now destroyed<ref>ibid</ref>. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] - an early Christian text which mentions Ebal | |||
| ==Notes and citations== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
Revision as of 21:35, 8 October 2006
Mount Ebal is one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the West Bank city of Nablus (Biblical Shechem), and forms the northern side of the valley in which Nablus is situated, the southern side being formed by Mount Gezirim. The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the West Bank, as well as being higher than most mountain peaks in Israel, and rises to 3077 feet (900 meters) above sea level, some 228 feet (19 meters) higher than Mount Gezirim. Mount Ebal is approximately 6.5 square miles (18 square kilometers) in area, and is composed primarily of limestone. The slopes of the mountain contain several large caverns which were probably originally quarries, and at the base towards the north are several tombs.
Biblical account
In the masoretic text of Deuteronomy and the Septuagint version of the same, an instruction is given to build an altar on Mount Ebal, constructed from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place stones there and whiten them with lime, to make peace offerings on the altar, eat there, and write the words of this law on the stone. According to the Samaritan Pentateuch version of Deuteronomy, the instruction actually concerns Mount Gezirim, which the Samaritans view as a holy site; scholars believe that the Samaritan version is probably more accurate in this respect, the compilers of the masoretic text and authors of the Septuagint being likely to be biased against the Samaritans.
An instruction immediately subsequent to this orders that, once this is done, the Israelites should split into two groups, one to stay on Mount Ebal and pronounce curses, while the other goes to Mount Gezirim and pronounces blessings. The tribes of Simeon, of Levi, of Judah, of Issachar, of Joseph, and of Benjamin were to be sent to Gezirim, while those of Reuben, of Gad, of Asher, of Zebulun, of Dan, and of Naphtali, were to remain on Ebal. No attempts to explain this division of tribes either by their Biblical ethnology or by their geographical distribution have been generally accepted in academic circles.
The text goes on to list twelve curses, which were to be pronounced by the Levite priesthood and answered by the people with Amen. These curses heavily resemble laws (eg cursed be he who removes his neighbour's landmark), and they are not followed by a list of blessings described in a similarly liturgical framework; scholars believe that these more likely represent what was written on the stones, and that the later list of six explicit blessings, six near-corresponding explicit curses, were originally in this position in the text. The present position of these explicit blessings and curses, within a larger narrative of promise, and a far larger narrative of threat (respectively), is considered to have been an editorial decision for the post-exilic second version of Deuteronomy (Dtr2), to reflect the deuteronomist's worldview after the Babylonian exile had occurred.
In the Book of Joshua, after the Battle of Ai, Joshua built an altar of unhewn stones there, the Israelites then made peace offereings on it, the law of Moses was written onto the stones, and the Israelites split into the two groups specified in Deuteronomy and pronounced blessings and cursings as instructed there. There is some debate between textual scholars as to whether this incident in Joshua is one account or spliced together two different accounts, where one account refers to Joshua building an altar, and making sacrifices on it, while the other account refers to Joshua placing large stone slabs there that had been whitened with lime and then had the law inscribed on them. Either way there is general agreement that the sources of Joshua predate Deuteronomy, and hence that the order to build the altar and make the inscription is likely based on these actions in the sources of Joshua, rather than the other way round, possibly to provide an aetiology for the site acceptable to the deuteronomist's theology.
Much later in the Book, when Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at Shechem, and gave a farewell speech, and then wrote these words in the book of the law of Yahweh, and set up a stone as a witness, placing it next to the sanctuary of Yahweh, under the oak tree. Depending on the way in which the sources of Joshua were spliced together, this may just be another version of the earlier narrative Joshua placing the whitened stones slabs with the law inscribed on them, and some scholars believe that this narrative may have originally been in an earlier location within the Book of Joshua
Scholars consider it plausible for the sanctuary to have been pre-Israelite, particularly as archaeologists believe that the narrative of the Book of Joshua is a composite of earlier independent folk tales from different eras, and that Joshua was unlikely to have existed as such. It is possible that the name of the mountain is indicative of this, as it is thought that Ebal may have an etymology deriving in part from Baal. According to the narrative about Jotham in the Book of Judges, Shechem was a site where there was a sanctuary of El-Berith, also known as Baal-Berith, meaning God of the covenant and Lord of the covenant, respectively; scholars have suggested that the Joshua story about the site derives from a covenant made there in Canaanite times. In the narrative of Judges, the pillar that was in Shechem is seemingly significant enough to have given its name to a nearby plain, and this pillar is thought to be likely to have been a totem of El-Berith; the Joshua story, of a stone being set up as a witness, simply being an attempt to provide an aetiology in accordance with later Israelite theology.
In the Biblical narrative, the oak tree, seemingly next to the sanctuary, was evidently in existence as early as the time of the Patriarchs, as Jacob is described in the book of Genesis as having buried the idols of strange gods (formerly worshipped by his household) beneath it. According to a midrash, one of these Idols, in the shape of a dove, was later recovered by the Samaritans, and used in their worship on Mount Gezirim.
Archaeology
The higher part of the mountain, on the west, contains the ruins of some massive walls called Al-Kal'ah, and east of this are other ruins now called Kunaisah. However, potentially much more significant remains have been found on the northern side.
Like many other sites in the region, by the 20th century there was a large stone heap found on Mount Ebal; this one was known to locals as el Burnat (Arabic for the Hat), and was found within a naturally shaped amphitheatre. Upon archaeological investigation, several potsherds were found among this heap, and were dated to 1220-1000BC, a date for which no other remains are found nearby, and so a more substantial archaelogical excavation was launched at the site in 1987. The excavation found a large walled structure, seemingly built direct into the bedrock without a doorway or floor, and had been infilled by layers of stone, ash, and earth; on the southwest were found two paved areas split apart by a further wide wall higher at one end than the other and with a surrounding oval wall. Slowly burnt bones were found at the site, and after analysis were discovered to originate from bullocks, goats, and fallow deer. Notably, though they are Kosher, fallow deer are never specified as a sacrificial animal by the Bible.
Although the excavating archaeologist believed that the side was the compound containing Joshua's altar, the filled walled structure being the altar itself - the filling being a part of the altar rather than debris (and indicative of an Assyrian style altar, like that specified in the Book of Exodus as being hollow with boards) - and the wall between the two courtyards being a ramp (in accordance with the no steps instruction in Exodus), most other archaeologists believe it to be something else. The site has a significant issue in regard to the Biblical account of Joshua's altar, as it is located on the north side of the mountain, and not the south side facing Gerizim, making a curse & blessing ritual held there and on Gerizim somewhat difficult to hold antiphonally; the excavating archaeologist proposed that this could be resolved by identifying a mountain to the north as Gerizim rather than the usual location, though the suggestion was ridiculed by both the Samaritans who found it offensive to move the centre of their religion, and by other scholars and archaeologists.
Though some archaeologists agree with the consideration that the site was an altar compound (though not constructed by Joshua), and some (including Israel Finkelstein) at least agree that it was a cultic location (though not necessarily involving an altar), others believe that it was simply a farmhouse and/or the Biblical tower of Shechem. Those considering it to be a farmhouse and/or the tower of Shechem, argue that the paved areas are simply rooms, the sloping wall simply an eroded partition wall, and the infilled enclosure a room that was later changed into a tower - the foundation of the tower being the infill, and the rest of the tower now destroyed.
See also
- Onomasticon - an early Christian text which mentions Ebal
Notes and citations
- Photograph of the southern face of the mountain
- Matthew Sturgis, It aint necessarily so, ISBN 974724510X
- ibid
- Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
- ibid
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- Deuteronomy 27:4-8
- Peake's commentary on the Bible
- ibid, et passim
- Deuteronomy 27:11-13
- ibid
- Peake's commentary on the Bible
- Deuteronomy 15-26
- Deuteronomy 28:3-6
- Deuteronomy 28:16-19
- Peake's commentary on the Bible
- ibid
- Joshua 8:31-35
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible; Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Joshua, Deuteronomy, et passim
- Joshua 27:1-27
- Peake's commentary on the Bible
- ibid
- Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed
- Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
- Judges 9
- ibid; Peake's commentary on the Bible et passim
- Judges 9:6
- Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
- Genesis 12:6
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- Matthew Sturgis, It aint necessarily so, ISBN 974724510X
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
- exodus 27
- exodus 26
- Matthew Sturgis, It aint necessarily so, ISBN 974724510X
- ibid
- ibid
- ibid
External links
- University of Haifa site
- Franciscan site
- The curses and blessings of Ebal and Gezirim, in isolation, at wikisource
- The list of curses for Ebal, in isolation, at wikisource
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