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| {{Infobox prepared food | |||
| | name = Ayran | |||
| | image = Fresh ayran.jpg | |||
| | image_size = 250px | |||
| | caption = A mug of traditional Turkish Ayran in ], ] | |||
| | alternate_name = ], Tan | |||
| | country = | |||
| | region = ] | |||
| | creator = | |||
| | course = Beverage | |||
| | type = Dairy product | |||
| | served = Cold | |||
| | main_ingredient = ], ], ] | |||
| | variations = | |||
| | calories = | |||
| | other = | |||
| }} | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| '''Ayran''' or '''doogh''' ({{lang-az|ayran}}, {{lang-tr|ayran}}, {{lang-kz|Айран}}, {{lang-fa|دوغ}}, ]: ماستاو) is a cold ] beverage mixed with ].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name=functionaldiary>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&lpg=PA10&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | pages=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> It is popular in ],<ref>Sarina Jacobson,Danya Weiner. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008. {{ISBN|1402747594}} p 6</ref> ],<ref name=gastro>{{cite journal | last =Halici | first = Nevin | authorlink = | title = Turkish Delights | journal = Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies | volume =1 | issue = 1| pages = 92–93| publisher = University of California Press | location = | date = 27 April 2013 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref> ], ], Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,<ref name=functionaldiary /> North Caucasus,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPkH-7BCB6AC&pg=PA25 | title=Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | author=Smih, Sebastian | year=2006 | pages=25 | isbn=9781850439790}}</ref> the Balkans,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ8vWih-rqwC&pg=PA58 | title=Bulgaria (Other Places Travel Guide) | publisher=Other Places Publishing | author=Leslie Strnadel, Patrick Erdley | year=2012 | pages=58| isbn=9780982261996}}</ref> Afghanistan <ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6aXloa1QsEC&pg=PA92 | title=The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan | publisher=University of Washington Press | author=Nazif Shahrani, M. | year=2013 | location=9780295803784 | pages=92–93}}</ref> and Lebanon.<ref>{{cite book | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=96| isbn=9781405172387}}</ref> Its primary ingredients are water and yogurt, and ayran has been variously described as "diluted yogurt"<ref name="gastro"/> and "a most refreshing drink made by mixing yogurt with iced water".<ref>Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey | |||
| P. H. Davis | |||
| The Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 156-165 | |||
| Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) | |||
| Article {{doi|10.2307/1790844}}</ref> | |||
| Ayran is served chilled and often as an accompaniment to grilled meat or rice<ref name=culturesite>{{cite web | url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,35365/turkish-buttermilk.html | title=Turkish Buttermilk | publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey | work=www.kultur.gov.tr | accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> especially during summer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://balkon3.com/en/ayran-turkish-national-beverage/ | title=Ayran – Turkish national beverage | work=balkon3.com | accessdate=5 October 2013 | author=Gina Husamettin}}</ref> | |||
| Yogurt drinks are popular beyond the Middle East region—ayran has been likened by some to the South Asian '']''.<ref>Heyhoe, Kate. ''The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique'' : {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020123013733/http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/kgk/2002/0102/kgk011102.html |date=2002-01-23 }}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| According to Shirin Simmons, ''doogh'' has long been a popular drink and was consumed in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Simmons| first = Shirin| title = Treasury of Persian Cuisine| publisher = Stamford House Publishing| year = 2007| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=87KOW40HThAC&lpg=PT252&dq=doogh&pg=PT252#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn = 1-904985-56-4}}</ref> Described by an 1886 source as a cold drink of curdled milk and water seasoned with mint,<ref>{{Cite book| last = Grosart| first = Alexander| title = "Soor-doock" and "doogh"| publisher = | series = The Academy and literature| volume = 30| number = 742| date = 17 July 1886| location = Blackburn| pages = 59| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xXZRAAAAYAAJ&dq=doogh&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> its name derives from the ] word for ], ''dooshidan''.<ref name=un>{{Cite conference | author = Islamic Republic of Iran| title = Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8)| publisher = United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East| date = 26–29 January 2009| location = Tunis, Tunisia| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Meetings/CCNEA/ccnea5/ne05_08e.pdf| accessdate = 26 June 2011}}</ref> | |||
| According to Nevin Halıcı, ''ayran'' is a traditional Turkic drink and was consumed by nomadic Turks prior to 1000 CE.<ref name=gastro/> According to Celalettin Koçak and Yahya Kemal Avşar (Professor of Food Engineering at ]), ''ayran'' was first developed thousands of years ago by the ], who would dilute bitter yogurt with water in an attempt to improve its flavor.<ref>Kocak, C., Avsar, Y.K., 2009. Ayran: Microbiology and Technology. In: Yildiz, F. (Ed.), Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S., pp. 123–141</ref> | |||
| A ] 1000 CE Turkish dictionary, ], defines ayran as a "drink made out of milk."<ref name=etim>{{cite web | url= http://etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/ayran| title=Ayran | publisher=Telif Hakları | work=Etimoloji Türkçe | language= Turkish | accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ===Turkish national drink status=== | |||
| ], a conservative Turkish politician who has held the posts of ] and ], has promoted ayran as a ].<ref name=erdogan>{{cite journal|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=PM says Turkey’s national drink is ayran, not beer |journal=] |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher= |location= |date=27 April 2013 |language= |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |jstor= |issn= |doi= |id= |mr= |zbl= |jfm= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031432/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 |df= }}</ref> Speaking at a 2013 ] Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in ], Erdoğan contrasted ayran with ], which he claimed was a recent introduction to Turkey. | |||
| Nevertheless, sales of ayran in Turkey may lag behind other ]s.<ref name=sales>{{cite journal|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Turks turn away from ‘national drink’ despite Erdoğan |journal=] |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher= |location= |date=22 June 2015 |language= |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |issn= |doi= |id= |mr= |zbl= |jfm= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024646/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 |df= }}</ref> According to a 2015 joint statement from the Soft Drink Producers Association, the Sparkling Water Producers Association, and the Milk Producers and Exporters Union of Turkey, ayran consumption during ] has declined every year for the years 2010 to 2015.<ref name=sales/> | |||
| In 2015, Turkey's Customs and Trade Ministry, controlled by Erdoğan's party, imposed a 220,000 ] fine (approximately $70,000) on state-owned Çaykur manufacturers for "degrading ayran" in one of their advertisement for iced tea, in which the protagonist ] that ayran makes him sleepy,<ref name=fine/> and halted advertisements of Çaykur's competing ice-tea product.<ref name=fine>{{cite journal | last = Çelikkan | first = Erdinç | authorlink = | |||
| | title = State-owned tea firm fined 220,000 liras for ‘insulting ayran’ in ads| journal = ] | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = 9 November 2015 | |||
| | language = | url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/state-owned-tea-firm-fined-220000-liras-for-insulting-ayran-in-ads.aspx?pageID=238&nID=90905&NewsCatID=341| issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref> | |||
| ==Variations== | |||
| <!-- Deleted image removed: ] made of yogurt and water]] --> | |||
| ] (and sometimes ]) is added, and dried ] or ] can be mixed in as well, as well as lime juice. One variation includes diced cucumbers to provide a crunchy texture to the beverage. Some varieties of ''doogh'' have carbonation. | |||
| ==Similar beverages== | |||
| *], Bengali yogurt drink mixed with mint leaves, sugar, salt and pepper among others{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} | |||
| *], Japanese yogurt-based soft drink | |||
| *], fermented camel's-milk | |||
| *], yogurt-based drink made with yogurt, salt and water, and occasional mint and coriander leaves | |||
| *], beverage consisting of fermented milk, salt, and carbonated water | |||
| *], a yogurt drink from Sweden | |||
| *], fermented milk drink made with yeast grains | |||
| *], fermented mare's milk drink<ref name=gastro/> | |||
| *], yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent | |||
| *], fermented-milk beverage | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{portal|Food}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist|group=note}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Commons category|Ayran}} | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| {{Yogurts}} | |||
| {{Cuisine of Armenia}} | |||
| {{Cuisine of Iran}} | |||
| {{Cuisine of Turkey}} | |||
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