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USS Enterprise
The starship USS Enterprise in a promotional image for the digitally remastered Star Trek
First appearance	"The Man Trap" (1966)
Information
Affiliation	United Federation of Planets Starfleet
Launched	2245
General characteristics
Class	Constitution
Registry	NCC-1701
Armaments	Photon torpedoes Phasers
Defenses	Deflector shields
Propulsion	Impulse drive Warp drive
Power	Matter/antimatter reaction
Length	288.646 metres (947.00 ft)

USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a starship in the fictional Star Trek universe. It is the main setting of the original Star Trek television series (1966–1969) and several Star Trek films, and it has been depicted in various franchise spinoffs, films, books, products, and fan-created media. Under the command of Captain James T. Kirk, the Enterprise carries its crew on their mission "to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no man has gone before".

Matt Jefferies designed the Enterprise for television, and its core design components — a saucer-shaped primary hull, two outset engine nacelles, and a cylindrical secondary hull — have persisted across several television and film redesigns. After the Enterprise's destruction in the third franchise film, that vessel's filming model was redressed and depicted as its successor starship, the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A).

Initially a vision of the potential for human spaceflight, the original Enterprise became a popular culture icon. The vessel's original appearance influenced the design of subsequent franchise spacecraft. The model filmed for Star Trek has been on display for decades at the National Air and Space Museum. Numerous publications have highlighted the Enterprise as one of the best-designed and most influential science fiction spacecraft.

Development and production

Original television series

The Enterprise was originally going to be named Yorktown. Star Trek art director Matt Jefferies, who was not a science fiction fan, was the primary designer of the Enterprise and based his work on concepts from series creator Gene Roddenberry. Roddenberry did not have any ideas about what the ship should look like, but he laid out several parameters for the ship:

We’re out in deep space, on the equivalent of a cruiser-size spaceship. We don’t know what the mode of power is, but I don’t want to see any trails of fire. No streaks of smoke, no jet intakes, rocket exhaust, or anything like that . It will be like a deep space exploration vehicle, operating throughout our galaxy.

Roddenberry further specified that the Enterprise would operate mainly in space, have a crew of 100-150, and be incredibly fast. Both Jefferies and Roddenberry wanted the Enterprise not to look like any of the rocket ships already used by the aerospace industry or in popular culture; and many of Jefferies' designs were rejected as being "too conventional". While Jefferies initially rejected a disk-shaped component, worried about the similarities to flying saucers, a spherical module eventually flattened into a saucer. Jefferies' experience with aviation led to his designs being imbued with what he called "aircraft logic". Jefferies imagined the ship's engines would be too powerful to be near the crew, requiring them to be set apart from the hull. During one visit to Jefferies, Roddenberry and NBC staff were drawn to a sketch of the Enterprise resembling its final configuration. Jefferies had created a small model of this design that, when held from a string, hung upside-down – an appearance he had to "unsell". Jefferies kept the hull smooth, with a sense that the ship's components were serviced from inside.

The ship's NCC-1701 registry stems from NC being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States. The second C was added because Soviet aircraft used Cs, and Jeffries believed a venture into space would be a joint operation by the United States and Russia. NCC is the Starfleet abbreviation for "Naval Construction Contract", comparable to what the U.S. Navy would call a hull number. Jeffreies rejected 3, 6, 8, and 9 as "too easily confused" on screen; he eventually reasoned the Enterprise was the first vessel of Starfleet's 17th starship design, hence 1701. The Making of Star Trek explains that USS means "United Space Ship" and that "Enterprise is a member of the Starship Class". The ship was changed to Constitution class with the release of Franz Joseph's Star Fleet Technical Manual in 1975.

The first miniature built from Jefferies' drawings was a four-inch scale model. Desilu Studios, which was producing Star Trek, hired experienced film and television modelmaker Richard C. Datin to make the next model, which was approximately 33 inches (0.8 m) long. Desliu then ordered a larger filming model, which Datin contracted to Volmer Johnson and Production Model Shop in Burbank. Datin supervised the model makers and did detail work on the model, which was constructed from plaster, sheet metal and wood. When completed, it was 11 feet 3.5 inches (3.4 m) long, weighted 125 kilograms (276 lb), and cost $6,000. Most of the fine details on the large model were not visible to television viewers. The 11-foot model was initially filmed by Howard Anderson, and special effects were produced as cheaply as possible.

The filming model was delivered too late to be used much for the initial pilot, "The Cage". When Roddenberry was approved to film the second pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before" (1966), various details of the 11-foot model were altered, and the starboard windows and running lights were internally illuminated. When the series went into production, the model was altered yet again, and the model was regularly modified throughout its active filming. Most third-season footage of the Enterprise was reused first- or second-season footage.

The ship's chairs were manufactured by Burke of Dallas and similar to the original tulip chair designed by Eero Saarinen. Full interior deck plans of the Enterprise were designed by Franz Joseph in 1974, with approval from Roddenberry. At Roddenberry's direction, sound effects designer Douglas Grindstaff created different sounds for different parts of the vessel. Console sound effects were often created with a Hammond electric organ or other musical instrument. Engine sounds were created, in part, by a noisy air conditioner.

Film franchise redesign

USS Enterprise
The refit Enterprise (left) in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1984)
First appearance	Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)
Information
Affiliation	United Federation of Planets Starfleet
Launched	2270
General characteristics
Class	Constitution
Registry	NCC-1701
Armaments	Photon torpedoes Phasers
Defenses	Deflector shields
Propulsion	Impulse drive Warp drive
Power	Matter/antimatter reaction
Length	304.8 meters (1000 ft)

One of the most difficult challenges facing the producers of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) was recreating the Enterprise for film. Matt Jefferies designed the refit Enterprise that appears in the original Star Trek films, though his initial concepts were intended for the scrapped Star Trek: Phase II TV series. Jefferies began with the original Enterprise design and then identified components, such as the engines, that would have been upgraded. Some components, like the sensor dish, would be moved inside the ship to be more easily serviced.

Art director Joe Jennings and conceptual illustrator Michael Minor added additional details when Jefferies left the project. Although art director Richard Taylor wanted to start over with designing the Enterprise for film, Roddenberry convinced him to continue working with Jefferies' design. Taylor brought on Andrew Probert to refine details for the ship. Probert tried to give the Enterprise an art deco appearance. Production designer Harold Michaelson was responsible for the ship's interior design, and special effects designer Douglas Trumbull also influenced the ship's appearance. David Kimble created diagrams and deck plans for the updated Enterprise that were provided to model makers, toy companies, and other manufacturers of licensed products.

Jim Dow was in charge of building the model and creating the molds and structural processes. Magicam spent 14 months and $150,000 to build the 8-foot (2.4 m), 39-kilogram (86 lb) model. While the original Enterprise model was only seen in 17 poses, the new model had five points of articulation and could be shot from any angle. Paul Olsen painted the distinct "Aztec" scheme to provide an additional level of detail for the film screen and to suggest the presence of interlocking panels providing strength to the hull. The effect is made possible by small particles of mica in the paint, which alters its apparent color. However, the light flare created by the paint caused filming issues that made it hard to discern the edge of the ship against a dark background. Foundation Imaging created a CGI model of the ship for the 2001 director's cut of The Motion Picture.

The model was refurbished slightly for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982), with its exterior shine dulled and extra detail added to the frame. Industrial Light & Magic's (ILM) special effects team developed techniques to depict damage to the Enterprise without physically harming the model. ILM staff found the Enterprise difficult to work with: it took eight people to mount the model and a forklift to move it. For interior shots, the Enterprise was given a ship's bell, boatswain's call, and more blinking lights and signage to match the nautical atmosphere director Nicholas Meyer was trying to convey. David Kimble's deck plans from The Motion Picture influenced the interior design for The Wrath of Khan.

Recognizing the plot of Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) was otherwise predictable, producer Harve Bennett decided to have the Enterprise destroyed. Though he meant for the event to be kept secret, news leaked. Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston hated the Enterprise model and reveled in its destruction. Rather than damaging the original model, several less expensive miniatures and modules were created and destroyed.

The model used throughout the first three films was redressed as the new USS Enterprise, NCC-1701-A, for Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) and its two sequels. When production began on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994), several interior Enterprise sets, such as the bridge, were redressed for use on the television show. Later, some Next Generation sets, such as the Enterprise-D's engine room and conference room, were modified to depict interiors of the Enterprise-A.

2009 franchise reboot

USS Enterprise
The re-conceptualized, "alternate universe" Enterprise in the 2009 Star Trek film
First appearance	Star Trek (2009)
Information
Affiliation	United Federation of Planets Starfleet
Launched	2258
General characteristics
Registry	NCC-1701
Armaments	Photon torpedoes Phasers
Defenses	Deflector shields
Propulsion	Impulse drive Warp drive
Power	Matter/antimatter
Length	725.35 metres (2,379.8 ft)

The Enterprise was redesigned for the 2009 Star Trek film. Director J. J. Abrams wanted Enterprise to have a "hot rod" look while retaining the traditional shape, but otherwise afforded ILM "tremendous" leeway in creating the ship. Perhaps the most notable change was in the large engine nacelles, seen attached to the main body. The change applied a sleeker finish and shape to the otherwise simple nacelles of the previous ship.

Concept artist Ryan Church's initial designs were modeled and refined by set designer Joseph Hiura. This design was then given to ILM for further refinement and developed into photo-realistic models by Alex Jaeger's team. ILM's Roger Guyett, recalling the original Enterprise as being "very static", added moving components to the model. ILM retained subtle geometric forms and patterns to allude to the original Enterprise. The computer model's digital paint recreated the appearance of the "Aztec" hull pattern. Ben Burtt consulted with original series sound designed Douglas Grindstaff on sound design for the new Enterprise. Sean Hargreaves' redesign of the successor NCC-1701-A "beef up" the vessel's support pylons, which are depicted as vulnerabilities in Star Trek Beyond (2016).

Other productions

Animators for Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973–75) rotoscoped Enterprise footage to recreate the ship's movement from the original series. This contributed to the impression of the animated series being a fourth season of the original series. Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations" (1996). Jein's model was built to be exactly half the size of the original 11-foot model, and it appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar. Jein's Enterprise was the first production model of the starship to built in more than 30 years. A CGI model of the ship makes a cameo appearance at the end of the Star Trek: Enterprise series finale, "These Are the Voyages..." (2005), and another CGI version was created for remastered episodes of the original Star Trek.

The Enterprise bridge was partially recreated for the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Relics" (1992). The original set had long been torn down, and producers initially planned to use the film-era set. Ultimately, a portion of the set was built and the rest filled in with archival footage and greenscreen technology. Some props and set pieces were rented from fans. Aspects of the ship's interior were also recreated for "Trials and Tribble-ations". Mike Okuda used a computer to recreate the graphics seen on the Enterprise sets, and others were re-drawn by artist Doug Drexler. The bridge was not recreated in full, and parts were later added digitally.

A new design of the original Enterprise briefly appears in the 2018 first-season finale of Star Trek: Discovery, which takes place 10 years prior to the original Star Trek. John Eaves, Scott Schneider, and William Budge designed the Enterprise from April to October 2017. The designers initially drew from the original Enterprise design and then adapted ideas from the film refit. The Enterprise will appear in the show's second season. Discovery producer Gretchen Berg says she hopes fans see the appearance of the Enterprise in Discovery as a blending of old and new Star Trek. Another Discovery producer, Greg Harberts isn't worried whether fans are satisfied with the ship's redesign: while many of the staff who developed the new appearance are Star Trek fans, Harberts stated fans rarely agree on anything.

Depiction

Starfleet commissioned the Enterprise in 2245. Captain Robert April is the Enterprise's first commanding officer, succeeded by Captain Christopher Pike. Pike leads the Enterprise for about a decade and is the commanding officer in the original pilot, "The Cage". Throughout the first Star Trek television series, Captain James T. Kirk commands the ship on an exploration mission from 2264 to 2269. Star Trek: The Motion Picture begins with the Enterprise completing an 18-month refit overseen by its new commanding officer, Captain Willard Decker. Decker describes the refit vessel as "an almost totally new Enterprise". Admiral Kirk takes command of the ship to address a threat to Earth. Star Trek novels and other media depict a second five-year mission under Kirk's command between the events of the first and second films.

Captain Spock commands the Enterprise, serving as a training ship, at the beginning of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan in 2285. Kirk assumes command when the ship investigates problems at space station Regula 1. USS Reliant, hijacked by Khan Noonien Singh, inflicts substantial damage to the Enterprise; Spock sacrifices his life to save the ship. Shortly after returning to spacedock at the beginning of Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, the Enterprise is marked for decommissioning due to its damage and age. Kirk and his senior officers steal the ship in an attempt to restore Spock's life. During their mission, a Klingon attack disables the ship. Kirk lures most of the Klingons onto the crippled Enterprise, which he and his officers set to self-destruct before abandoning ship. When Kirk and his officers return to Earth, Kirk is demoted to captain and given command of a new starship USS Enterprise, NCC-1701-A. The Enterprise-A is ordered decommissioned at the end of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991).

Alternate timeline

The 2009 Star Trek film and its sequels occur in a different timeline than the original Star Trek. In the 2009 film, Enterprise makes its first appearance while under construction in Riverside, Iowa, in 2255. Captain Christopher Pike commands Enterprise on its maiden voyage in 2258 to respond to a distress call from Vulcan. At the film's conclusion, James Kirk is promoted to captain and receives command of the Enterprise. The vessel is destroyed in Star Trek Beyond and a new Enterprise, NCC-1701-A, is commissioned under Kirk's command.

Critical reaction

When it first appeared on television, the Enterprise was an "elegant and weird looking behemoth". Like subsequent Star Trek ships with the same name, the original Enterprise is "a character in its own right". Its appearance became iconic, and within the franchise the design influenced all future Federation starships. Jonathan Glancey described the "convincing and exciting" Enterprise as having the same aesthetic appeal as the Concorde jet, B-17 bomber, and Queen Elizabeth 2 ocean liner. The ship's interiors has been called iconic of 1960s design. Both io9 and Popular Mechanics called the original series Enterprise the best version of the various ships named Enterprise in the franchise.

Writing in the Journal of Popular Film & Television, National Air and Space Museum curator Margaret Weitekamp points to two distinct celebrity Enterprises: the fictional spaceship depicted in Star Trek, and the physical artifact of the actual production model. Weitekamp continues:

The two Enterprises overlap, and are clearly related, but they do not map completely onto each other. Unpacking their distinctions illuminates the history of this significant television artifact and contributes to scholars' on-going analyses of popular and material culture.

Time called the ship's redesign for The Motion Picture "bold" and "handsome". After being depicted as a complicated vessel requiring detailed care in The Wrath of Khan, Entertainment Weekly called it "a bit loony" for the Enterprise to be operable by just a handful of officers in The Search for Spock. The ship's destruction in The Search for Spock was described as "truly iconic" and "a good way to go". In a 2010 retrospective of the Star Trek films, author Jill Sherwin suggests the aging Enterprise in The Search for Spock served as a metaphor for the aging Star Trek franchise.

Cultural impact

The starship Enterprise has had considerable cultural impact, and the original ship's model is "a living cultural object". A write-in campaign in 1976 led to the first space shuttle being named Enterprise rather than Constitution. In 2009, Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship VSS Enterprise to honor the Star Trek vessel. Build the Enterprise is a website that proposes creating a functional spacecraft with a hull similar to the Enterprise. The United States Navy evaluated the efficiency of the Enterprise bridge's style and layout, and the bridge of the USS Independence and the Ship's Mission Center of the USS Zumwalt have been compared to the Enterprise's bridge. An exacting replica of the Enterprise bridge created for a Star Trek fan series was later opened as a public exhibit. The distinct beeps emitted by R2-D2 in Star Wars are "an offspring" of the melodic sounds created for the Enterprise's bridge console.

Paramount Pictures donated the original 11-foot filming model to the Smithsonian Institution in 1974, disassembled across three crates and dirty. In shipping the model, Paramount estimated the value of the model at $5,000. Starting in 1976, it hung at an exhibit gallery entrance at the National Air and Space Museum before being moved to the gift shop, where it stayed for 14 years. In the first of its initial restorations, the model was altered to look more like the starship Enterprise and less like a studio filming model. The model underwent restorations in 1974, 1984, and 1992. For much of its time on display, fans have often been surprised at the differences between the actual physical model and their expectations about how the "real" spacecraft should appear. A substantial, multi-year restoration culminated in 2016 with the unveiling of a new display in the Milestones of Flight Hall. This most recent restoration highlighted the duality of the Enterprise as both a filming model and inspirational starship.

In 2006, Paul Allen bought the Enterprise model created for the original Star Trek films for $240,000, and it is on display at the Museum of Pop Culture. The original ship's captain's chair sold at auction for $304,750. Vulcan, Alberta, created a 31-foot (9.4 m) model starship inspired by the Enterprise.

The Enterprise design has been licensed for use in variety of games, models, and toys. Ballentine Books released a set of 12 Enterprise interior and exterior blueprints in April 1975, and by December 1976 they were in their seventh printing. The first run of a cutaway drawing of the Enterprise for The Motion Picture sold over one million prints. In 2010, Pocket Books published a Haynes Manual for "owners" of the USS Enterprise. The original Enterprise appears on a commemorative stamp released by the United States Postal Service.

References

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88. "U.S. Stamps Postal History - Star Trek stamps beaming into United States Post Office". Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Sources

• Designing Starships: The Enterprises and Beyond, Volume 1. Eaglemoss Productions. 2018.
• U.S.S. Enterprise NCC-1701 Refit. Eaglemoss Productions Ltd. 2013.
• Weitekamp, Margaret A. (2016). "Two Enterprises: Star Trek's Iconic Starship As Studio Model and Celebrity". Journal of Popular Film and Television. doi:10.1080/01956051.2015.1075955 – via EBSCOHost.
• Whitfield, Stephen; Roddenberry, Gene (1968). The Making of Star Trek. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-31554-5. OCLC 23859.

Further reading

• "Conserving the Star Trek starship Enterprise Studio Model". Smithsonian Institution. June 27, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
• Enterprise - Hypersonic velocity test of the hull design by University of Queensland's X2 Super-Orbital Expansion Tube using holographic interferometry
• Hamill, Jasper (April 24, 2017). "Fascinating blueprints show early designs for iconic spaceships from Star Wars and Star Trek films". The Sun. News UK. Retrieved August 28, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
• Redd, Nola Taylor (July 3, 2012). "Could We Build 'Star Trek's' Starship Enterprise?". Space.com. Retrieved August 31, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

External links

• USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) at Memory Alpha
• USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) (alternate reality) at Memory Alpha
• USS Enterprise model page at the National Air and Space Museum

• Fictional elements introduced in 1966
• Star Trek spacecraft
• Star Trek: The Original Series
• Star Trek: Phase II
• Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution