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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Jao (talk | contribs) at 01:09, 19 February 2004 (definition and a very incomplete list of historical personal unions - lots to contribute here!). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

A personal union consists of two or more entities that are internationally considered separate states, only sharing the same Head of State (and thence also sharing whatever political actions are vested in the Head of State, but no, or at least extremely few, others). It is not to be confused with a federation (like the USA), which is internationally considered a single state.

Personal unions can arise for very different reasons, ranging from near coincedence (a princess who is already married to a king becomes a queen regnant, and their child inherits both countries) to virtual annexation (where a personal union sometimes was seen as a means of preventing uprisals). They can also be codified (the constitutions of the states clearly express that they shall be joined together) or non-codified (in which case they can easily be broken by e.g. different succession rules).

There is a somewhat grey area between personal unions and federations, and the one has regularly grown into the other. This article is an attempt at listing some historical and contemporary personal unions.

• Denmark
  • Personal union with Norway from 1380 to 1536 (when Norway was officially incorporated into the Danish kingdom, often called Denmark-Norway)
  • The Kalmar Union with Norway and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
  • Personal union with Iceland from 1918 (broken out of Denmark) to 1944

• England
  • Personal union with Ireland from 1541 (when Ireland was raised to the level of a kingdom) to 1707
  • Personal union with Scotland from 1603 to 1707 (when they were joined together in Great Britain)

• Finland
  • Personal union with Russia from 1809 (conquered from Sweden) to 1918

• Great Britain
  • Personal union with Ireland from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)

• Holy Roman Empire
  • Personal union with Spain from 1519 to 1556

• Iceland
  • Personal union with Denmark from 1918 (broken out of Denmark) to 1944

• Ireland
  • Personal union with England from 1541 (raised to the level of a kingdom) to 1707
  • Personal union with Scotland from 1603 to 1707
  • Personal union with Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)

• Lithuania
  • Personal union with Poland from 1386 to 1569 (when they were joined together in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

• Luxembourg
  • Personal union with the Netherlands from 1815 to 1890

• Norway
  • Personal union with Sweden from 1319 to 1343
  • Personal union with Denmark from 1380 to 1536 (when Norway was officially incorporated into the Danish kingdom, often called Denmark-Norway)
  • The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
  • Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (ceded from Denmark) to 1905

• Netherlands
  • Personal union with Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890

• Poland
  • Personal union with Lithuania from 1386 to 1569 (when they were joined together in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

• Poland-Lithuania
  • Personal union with Sweden from 1592 to 1599

• Russia
  • Personal union with Finland from 1809 to 1918

• Scotland
  • Personal union with England and Ireland from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in Great Britain)

• Spain
  • Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 to 1556

• Sweden
  • Personal union with Norway from 1319 to 1343
  • The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
  • Personal union with Poland-Lithuania from 1592 to 1599
  • Personal union with Norway from 1814 (ceded from Denmark) to 1905

• United Kingdom
  • The Commonwealth Realms with, presently, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu

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