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Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882

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The United States-Korea Treaty of 1882, officially Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation, was negotiated between representatives of the United States and Korea. The final draft was accepted at Chemulpo near the Korean capital of Hanseong (Seoul) in April and May 1884.

Background

In 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado and threatened to fire on the Korean capital city. Treaty negotiations with the Americans and with several European countries were made possible by the completion of this initial Japanese overture.

Treaty provisions

The United States and Korea negotiated and approved a 14 article treaty. The treaty established mutual friendship and mutual assistance in case of attack; and the treaty also addressed such specific matters as extraterritorial rights for American citizens in Korea and most favored nation trade status.

Abstract

The treaty encompasses a range of subjects.

  • Article 1 provides:

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the President of the United States and the King of Chosen and the citizens and subjects of their respective Governments. If other powers deal unjustly or oppressively with cither Government, the other will exert their good offices on being informed of the case to bring about an amicable arrangement, thus showing their friendly feelings.

  • Article 2 ... exchange of diplomatic and consular representatives
  • Article 3 ... United States vessels wrecked on coast of Korea
  • Article 4 ... United States exterritorial jurisdiction over its citizens in Corea
  • Article 5 ... merchants and merchant vessels shall reciprocally pay duties
  • Article 6 ... reciprocal rights of residence and protection of citizens of both nations
  • Article 7 ... prohibiting export or import of opium
  • Article 8 ... red ginseng
  • Article 9 ... regulating importation of arms and ammunition
  • Article 10 .. reciprocal rights to employing native labor
  • Article 11 .. students exchanges
  • Article 14 .. the usual "most-favored-nation" clause

The treaty remained in effect until the annexation of Korea in 1910.

Aftermath

The US treaty established a template which was explicitly modelled in treaties with other Western nations — Germany in 1883, Russia and Italy in 1884, France in 1886, and others as well.

The treaty remained in effect even after the protectorate was established in 1905.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ United States. Dept. of State (1889). John H. Haswell (ed.). Treaties and conventions concluded between the United States of America since July 4, 1776. G.P.O. p. 216.
  2. Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition, p. 235, p. 235, at Google Books; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations."
  3. Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea, pp. 107-108., p. 107, at Google Books
  4. ^ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 29., p. 29, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
  5. Kim, p. 107., p. 107, at Google Books
  6. Korean Mission p. 36., p. 36, at Google Books; excerpt, "Official rescript issued by Japan, November 22, 1905, declares: 'In bringing this agreement to the notice of the powers having treaties with Korea, the Imperial Government declares that * * * they will see that these treaties are maintained and respected, and they also engage not to prejudice In any way the legitimate commercial and industrial interests of those powers in Korea'."

References

  • Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 10-ISBN 0313332967/13-ISBN 9780313332968; 10-ISBN 0313038538/13-ISBN 9780313038532; OCLC 217866287
  • Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 12923609
  • Yŏng-ho Ch'oe; William Theodore De Bary; Martina Deuchler and Peter Hacksoo Lee. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press. 10-ISBN 0231120303/13-ISBN 9780231120302; 10-ISBN 0231120311/13-ISBN 9780231120319; OCLC 248562016
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