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The Central England Temperature (CET) record is a meteorological dataset originally published by Professor Gordon Manley in 1953 and subsequently extended and updated in 1974, following many decades of work. The monthly mean surface air temperatures, for the Midlands region of England, are given (in degrees Celsius) from the year 1659 to the present.

This record represents the longest series of monthly temperature observations in existence. It is a valuable dataset for meteorologists and climate scientists. It is monthly from 1659, and a daily version has been produced from 1772. The monthly means from November 1722 onwards are given to a precision of 0.1 °C. The earliest years of the series, from 1659 to October 1722 inclusive, for the most part only have monthly means given to the nearest degree or half a degree, though there is a small 'window' of 0.1 degree precision from 1699 to 1706 inclusive. This reflects the number, accuracy, reliability and geographical spread of the temperature records that were available for the years in question.

Data quality

Although best efforts have been made by Manley and subsequent researchers to quality control the series, there are data problems in the early years, with some non-instrumental data used. These problems account for the lower precision to which the early monthly means were quoted by Manley. Parker et al. (1992) addressed this by not using data prior to 1772, since their daily series required more accurate data than did the original series of monthly means. Before 1722, instrumental records do not overlap and Manley used a non-instrumental series from Utrecht compiled by Labrijn (1945), to make the monthly central England temperature (CET) series complete.

For a period early in the 21st century there were two versions of the series: the "official" version maintained by the Hadley Centre in Exeter, and a version that was maintained by the late Philip Eden which he argued was more consistent with the series as originally compiled by Manley.

The warmest year on record was recorded in 2022, with an average temperature of 11.15 degrees Celsius. This beat the previous 2014 record by 0.2 degrees and was almost 2 degrees over the 1961-1990 average

Trends revealed by the series

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a cool period which coincided with cool winters and generally cool summers, the temperatures fluctuated widely but with little trend. From 1910, temperatures increased until about 1950, when they flattened before a sharp rising trend began in about 1975. The warmest decade on record is the 2010s (2011–2020) with a mean temperature of 10.40 °C (50.72 °F).

Both the general warming trend and the hottest year on record at the time, 2014, have been attributed to human-caused climate change using observational and climate model-based techniques. This record was subsequently broken in 2022, when a mean CET of 11.15 °C (52.07 °F) was recorded, 1.68 °C (3.02 °F) above the 1961-90 average and breaking the 2014 record by nearly 0.2 °C (0.36 °F).

Extremes

Taking the 364-year period for the series as a whole:

Hottest

Coldest

Mean, maximum and minimum temperatures

Since 1878, the Central England temperature has recorded daily maximum and minimum temperatures; its daily mean records began in 1772. The tables below show the record average max/min for each season and each calendar month since 1878.

Highest minimum

Lowest minimum

Highest maximum

Lowest maximum

Daily records

Daily mean temperatures have been available since 1772, with max and min data available from 1878 onward.

Highest mean

Highest minimum

Highest maximum

Lowest mean

Lowest minimum

Lowest maximum

See also

• Climate of the United Kingdom
• England and Wales Precipitation

Notes

1. Alternatively, if decades are measured from 00-09, the 2000s become the warmest decade on record, with a mean temperature of 10.39 °C (50.70 °F). However, the prevailing method of measuring decades is 01-00.

References

1. Parker, D. E., T. P. Legg, and C. K. Folland, 1992: A new daily Central England Temperature Series, 1772-1991. Int J Climatol, 12, 317-342.
2. "Checking the CET". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2006.
3. Data source: Met Office U.K. (31 July 2019). "mean CET ranked coldest to warmest from 1659 to 2019". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
4. @iamreddave (16 June 2016). "England Temperatures Since 1659". Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019. ● Data source: Met Office U.K., Hadley Centre (archive).
5. Met Office U.K. "MONTHLY MEAN CENTRAL ENGLAND TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C)". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
6. Karoly, D. J. and P. A. Stott (2006). "Anthropogenic warming of central England temperature". Atmospheric Science Letters. 7 (4): 81–85. Bibcode:2006AtScL...7...81K. doi:10.1002/asl.136. S2CID 121456744.
7. King, A. D.; et al. (2015). "Attribution of the record high Central England temperature of 2014 to anthropogenic influences". Environmental Research Letters. 10 (5): 054002. Bibcode:2015ERL....10e4002K. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054002. hdl:1885/153330. S2CID 154632588.
8. Met Office U.K. "Central England Temperature ranked coldest to warmest from 1659 to 2023". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
9. Met Office U.K. "Central England Temperature 1659 to 2023". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
10. ^ Met Office U.K. "min CET ranked coldest to warmest from 1878 to 2023". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
11. Met Office U.K. "SEASONAL MINIMUM CENTRAL ENGLAND TEMPERATURE, 1878 TO 2023". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
12. ^ Met Office U.K. "max CET ranked coldest to warmest from 1878 to 2023". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
13. ^ Met Office U.K. "SEASONAL MAXIMUM CENTRAL ENGLAND TEMPERATURE, 1878 TO 2024". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
14. Met Office U.K. "CET Record Breakers". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
15. Met Office U.K. "Daily HadCET, 1772 to date". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
16. Met Office U.K. "Daily HadCET, 1772 to date". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
17. Met Office U.K. "Daily HadCET, 1772 to date". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
18. Met Office U.K. "Daily HadCET, 1772 to date". Met Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Retrieved 20 July 2022.

Further reading

• G. Manley, "Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973.", Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 100, pp. 389–405 (1974).
• D.E. Parker, T.P. Legg and C. Folland, "A new daily Central England Temperature series 1772–1991," Int. J. Climatol., vol. 12, pp. 317–342 (1992).
• Graphs of the series at the University of East Anglia
• Freely downloadable text file containing the data.
• Met Office Hadley Centre CET pages

• Climate of England
• Climate change in the United Kingdom
• Meteorological data and networks