Sound changes
| Sound change and alternation |
|---|
| Metathesis |
| Lenition |
| Fortition |
| Epenthesis |
| Elision |
| Transphonologization |
| Assimilation |
| Dissimilation |
| Sandhi Synalepha |
| Other types |
In phonology, fronting is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes fronted, advanced or pronounced further to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point. The opposite situation, in which a sound becomes pronounced further to the back of the vocal tract, is called backing or retraction. Fronting may be triggered by a nearby sound, in which case it is a form of assimilation, or may occur on its own.
Examples
Assimilation
In i-mutation and Germanic umlaut, a back vowel is fronted under the influence of /i/ or /j/ in a following syllable. This is assimilation.
Vowel shifts
In the Attic and Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, Proto-Greek close back /u uː/ were fronted to /y yː/. This change occurred in all cases and was not triggered by a nearby front consonant or vowel. Similarly in French and Occitan, this sound change also occurred.
In Old English and Old Frisian, the back vowels /ɑ ɑː/ were fronted to /æ æː/ in certain cases. For more information, see first a-fronting and second a-fronting.
In many dialects of English, the vowel /uː/ is fronted to or , a sound change that is sometimes called GOOSE-fronting. The same sound change occurred in many dialects of Norwegian and Standard Swedish but not in Danish.
Fronting can also take place as part of a chain shift. For example, in the Northern Cities Shift, the raising of /æ/ left room in the low-front area of the vowel space for to expand. Thus, words like cot and father are often pronounced with a low-front vowel .
See also
- Palatalization refers to a range of sound changes triggered by high or high-front vowels.
References
- Campbell, Lyle (2013). Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7486-4594-7.
- Wong, Amy Wing-mei (October 1, 2014). "GOOSE-fronting among Chinese Americans in New York City". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 20 (2).
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