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Gnaphosoidea
Gnaphosa bicolor
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Clade:	Entelegynae
Clade:	Dionycha
Superfamily:	Gnaphosoidea Simon, 1893
Families
See text

The Gnaphosoidea or gnaphosoids are a superfamily of araneomorph spiders with seven families. A 2014 study did not find the group to be monophyletic.

Phylogeny

Gnaphosoidea has been circumscribed to contain the following families:

• Ammoxenidae
• Cithaeronidae
• Gallieniellidae
• Gnaphosidae
• Lamponidae
• Trochanteriidae

Gnaphosoidea has been placed in the Dionycha clade, itself part of the RTA clade:

The Prodidomidae, Lamponidae and Gnaphosidae have been considered "higher gnaphosoids", sharing anterior lateral spinnerets consisting of only a single "joint" (article); the "lower gnaphosoids" (Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae and Trochanteriidae) retain a distal article that is represented by an entire ring of hardened (sclerotized) cuticle. (Earlier the Lamponidae were grouped with the "lower gnaphosoids", having spinnerets of an intermediate kind.) One hypothesis for the internal phylogeny of the gnaphosoids, defined in this way, is:

A 2014 study of dionychan spiders did not recover Gnaphosoidea as a monophyletic group, instead finding "gnaphosoid" families other than Gnaphosidae and Prodidomidae to be part of a larger clade, mixed in with three other dionychan families, Liocranidae, Trachelidae and Phrurolithidae. Forcing Gnaphosoidea to be monophyletic produced results described as "quite suboptimal".

References

1. ^ Dunlop, Jason A. & Penney, David (2011). "Order Araneae Clerck, 1757" (PDF). In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
2. ^ Nentwig, Wolfgang, ed. (2013), "Appendix : Spider Phylogeny" (PDF), Spider Ecophysiology, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-33988-2, retrieved 2015-11-03
3. Platnick, Norman I. & Baehr, Barbara C. (2006). "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 298 (298): 1–287. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)298[1:AROTAG]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 83420288.
4. Platnick, N.I. (2002), "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 271 (271): 1–244, doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2002)271<0001:AROTAG>2.0.CO;2, hdl:2246/494, S2CID 86321070, retrieved 2015-11-20
5. Ramírez, M. (2014). "The morphology and phylogeny of Dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 390 (390): 1–374. doi:10.1206/821.1. hdl:2246/6537. S2CID 86146467. pp. 323–327.

• Araneomorphae
• Arachnid superfamilies