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In mathematics, discrete Chebyshev polynomials, or Gram polynomials, are a type of discrete orthogonal polynomials used in approximation theory, introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev and rediscovered by Gram. They were later found to be applicable to various algebraic properties of spin angular momentum.

Elementary Definition

The discrete Chebyshev polynomial ${\displaystyle t_{n}^{N}(x)}$ is a polynomial of degree n in x, for ${\displaystyle n=0,1,2,\ldots ,N-1}$, constructed such that two polynomials of unequal degree are orthogonal with respect to the weight function $${\displaystyle w(x)=\sum _{r=0}^{N-1}\delta (x-r),}$$ with ${\displaystyle \delta (\cdot )}$ being the Dirac delta function. That is, $${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }t_{n}^{N}(x)t_{m}^{N}(x)w(x)\,dx=0\quad {\text{ if }}\quad n\neq m.}$$

The integral on the left is actually a sum because of the delta function, and we have, $${\displaystyle \sum _{r=0}^{N-1}t_{n}^{N}(r)t_{m}^{N}(r)=0\quad {\text{ if }}\quad n\neq m.}$$

Thus, even though ${\displaystyle t_{n}^{N}(x)}$ is a polynomial in ${\displaystyle x}$, only its values at a discrete set of points, ${\displaystyle x=0,1,2,\ldots ,N-1}$ are of any significance. Nevertheless, because these polynomials can be defined in terms of orthogonality with respect to a nonnegative weight function, the entire theory of orthogonal polynomials is applicable. In particular, the polynomials are complete in the sense that $${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{N-1}t_{n}^{N}(r)t_{n}^{N}(s)=0\quad {\text{ if }}\quad r\neq s.}$$

Chebyshev chose the normalization so that $${\displaystyle \sum _{r=0}^{N-1}t_{n}^{N}(r)t_{n}^{N}(r)={\frac {N}{2n+1}}\prod _{k=1}^{n}(N^{2}-k^{2}).}$$

This fixes the polynomials completely along with the sign convention, ${\displaystyle t_{n}^{N}(N-1)>0}$.

If the independent variable is linearly scaled and shifted so that the end points assume the values ${\displaystyle -1}$ and ${\displaystyle 1}$, then as ${\displaystyle N\to \infty }$, ${\displaystyle t_{n}^{N}(\cdot )\to P_{n}(\cdot )}$ times a constant, where ${\displaystyle P_{n}}$ is the Legendre polynomial.

Advanced Definition

Let f be a smooth function defined on the closed interval , whose values are known explicitly only at points x_k := −1 + (2k − 1)/m, where k and m are integers and 1 ≤ k ≤ m. The task is to approximate f as a polynomial of degree n < m. Consider a positive semi-definite bilinear form $${\displaystyle \left(g,h\right)_{d}:={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{k=1}^{m}{g(x_{k})h(x_{k})},}$$ where g and h are continuous on and let $${\displaystyle \left\|g\right\|_{d}:=(g,g)_{d}^{1/2}}$$ be a discrete semi-norm. Let ${\displaystyle \varphi _{k}}$ be a family of polynomials orthogonal to each other $${\displaystyle \left(\varphi _{k},\varphi _{i}\right)_{d}=0}$$ whenever i is not equal to k. Assume all the polynomials ${\displaystyle \varphi _{k}}$ have a positive leading coefficient and they are normalized in such a way that $${\displaystyle \left\|\varphi _{k}\right\|_{d}=1.}$$

The ${\displaystyle \varphi _{k}}$ are called discrete Chebyshev (or Gram) polynomials.

Connection with Spin Algebra

The discrete Chebyshev polynomials have surprising connections to various algebraic properties of spin: spin transition probabilities, the probabilities for observations of the spin in Bohm's spin-s version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment, and Wigner functions for various spin states.

Specifically, the polynomials turn out to be the eigenvectors of the absolute square of the rotation matrix (the Wigner D-matrix). The associated eigenvalue is the Legendre polynomial ${\displaystyle P_{\ell }(\cos \theta )}$, where ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is the rotation angle. In other words, if $${\displaystyle d_{mm'}=\langle j,m|e^{-i\theta J_{y}}|j,m'\rangle ,}$$ where ${\displaystyle |j,m\rangle }$ are the usual angular momentum or spin eigenstates, and $${\displaystyle F_{mm'}(\theta )=|d_{mm'}(\theta )|^{2},}$$ then $${\displaystyle \sum _{m'=-j}^{j}F_{mm'}(\theta )\,f_{\ell }^{j}(m')=P_{\ell }(\cos \theta )f_{\ell }^{j}(m).}$$

The eigenvectors ${\displaystyle f_{\ell }^{j}(m)}$ are scaled and shifted versions of the Chebyshev polynomials. They are shifted so as to have support on the points ${\displaystyle m=-j,-j+1,\ldots ,j}$ instead of ${\displaystyle r=0,1,\ldots ,N}$ for ${\displaystyle t_{n}^{N}(r)}$ with ${\displaystyle N}$ corresponding to ${\displaystyle 2j+1}$, and ${\displaystyle n}$ corresponding to ${\displaystyle \ell }$. In addition, the ${\displaystyle f_{\ell }^{j}(m)}$ can be scaled so as to obey other normalization conditions. For example, one could demand that they satisfy $${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2j+1}}\sum _{m=-j}^{j}f_{\ell }^{j}(m)f_{\ell '}^{j}(m)=\delta _{\ell \ell '},}$$ along with ${\displaystyle f_{\ell }^{j}(j)>0}$.

References

1. Chebyshev, P. (1864), "Sur l'interpolation", Zapiski Akademii Nauk, 4, Oeuvres Vol 1 p. 539–560
2. Gram, J. P. (1883), "Ueber die Entwickelung reeller Functionen in Reihen mittelst der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in German), 1883 (94): 41–73, doi:10.1515/crll.1883.94.41, JFM 15.0321.03, S2CID 116847377
3. R.W. Barnard; G. Dahlquist; K. Pearce; L. Reichel; K.C. Richards (1998). "Gram Polynomials and the Kummer Function". Journal of Approximation Theory. 94: 128–143. doi:10.1006/jath.1998.3181.
4. A. Meckler (1958). "Majorana formula". Physical Review. 111 (6): 1447. Bibcode:1958PhRv..111.1447M. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.111.1447.
5. N. D. Mermin; G. M. Schwarz (1982). "Joint distributions and local realism in the higher-spin Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment". Foundations of Physics. 12 (2): 101. Bibcode:1982FoPh...12..101M. doi:10.1007/BF00736844. S2CID 121648820.
6. Anupam Garg (2022). "The discrete Chebyshev–Meckler–Mermin–Schwarz polynomials and spin algebra". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 63 (7): 072101. Bibcode:2022JMP....63g2101G. doi:10.1063/5.0094575.

• Orthogonal polynomials
• Approximation theory