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November 21, 1931: Universal Pictures releases Frankenstein and creates the signature image of Frankenstein's Monster
The following events occurred in November 1931:
November 1, 1931 (Sunday)
Thirty people were injured during rioting between fascists and anti-fascists at the French towns of Nice, Chambéry and Dijon when Italians came to the towns to pay their respects to Italian war dead.
Six more nations, including Great Britain and France, joined the one-year moratorium on building armaments. Since the agreement was an informal one, however, the League of Nations was uncertain whether the holiday had really gone into effect on November 1 or not.
In Germany, Prussia's Interior Minister Carl Severing banned all parades and outdoor assemblies until further notice. Exceptions were made for gatherings of apolitical character such as weddings and funerals.
David Lloyd George officially stepped down as Leader of the Liberal Party and was succeeded by Sir Herbert Samuel. "As you are aware", Lloyd George wrote to Samuel, "I am completely at variance with the disastrous course into which the party recently has been guided. It may therefore ease matters, and at any rate save embarrassment to my friends, if I write to tell you that I am not a candidate for election to any office in the group." Several MPs joined Lloyd George's break from the Liberals to sit in Parliament as a small voting bloc known as the Independent Liberals.
The British drama film Michael and Mary was released in the United Kingdom.
The Mahatma Gandhi attended a formal reception at Buckingham Palace and met with King George V for five minutes. Gandhi wore only his usual attire of loin cloth and shawl, which made for an extraordinary scene of contrast with the silken finery of other guests.
Four sailors on the battleship USS Colorado were killed in the explosion of an anti-aircraft gun.
The blasphemy trial of German artist George Grosz finally ended after three years. The court ordered the confiscation and destruction of the Grosz illustration Maul Halten und Weiter Deinen (Shut Up and Soldier On), which depicted a crucified Christ wearing army boots and a gas mask.
Born:Mike Nichols, German born-American director, producer, actor and comedian; as Igor Mikhail Peschkowsky, in Berlin (d. 2014)
Died:
Thaddeus H. Caraway, 60, U.S. Senator for Arkansas since March 4 and previously U.S. Representative from 1913 to 1921, died of a heart attack caused by a blood clot in his coronary artery
Jack Chesbro, 57, American baseball pitcher and Baseball Hall of Fame inductee, from a heart attack
Born:Whitey Herzog (Dorrel Norman Herzog), American baseball team manager and player, Hall of Fame inductee; in New Athens, Illinois (d. 2024)
November 10, 1931 (Tuesday)
Pu Yi
Puyi, the last Chinese emperor, left his exile in Tianjin and went over to Japanese authorities, who were offering to restore him to the throne in Manchuria.
A Spanish commission announced its findings that former king Alfonso XIII was guilty of lèse-majesté under the Constitution of 1876 which the commission argued placed the people as co-sovereign with the king. The commission recommended that Alfonso be condemned to disgrace, his property confiscated and that he be executed if he ever set foot in the country again.
U.S. President Hoover announced that he would recommend to congress the creation of a federal system of home loan banks to assist the credit facilities of building and loan associations, banks, and other institutions making loans on home property.
Died: General Ivan Fichev, 71, Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army and later Minister of War
November 14, 1931 (Saturday)
The Japanese army handed Chinese General Ma Zhanshan an ultimatum, demanding that he withdraw his troops from Qiqihar and Anganchi by November 25, or else Japan would "take effective measures."
The British government introduced the Abnormal Importations Bill which gave the government power to impose a duty of up to 100% duty on imports.
Italian Foreign Affairs Minister Dino Grandi arrived in Washington for talks with President Hoover. Anti-fascist protests were feared, but the crowd that stood at the train station to witness Grandi's arrival was friendly.
The sale of the British airship R100, to a London scrap metal firm, was announced.
In Berlin, Adolf Hitler had a four-hour meeting with Hermine Reuss of Greiz, second wife of exiled kaiser Wilhelm II. The Nazi Party sought to win favour in monarchist circles.
November 19, 1931 (Thursday)
American Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson informed Britain that the U.S. would not participate in League of Nations economic sanctions against Japan.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell below 100 points for the first time since the beginning of the Great Depression. The Dow, which had peaked at 300 points in 1928, would close the year at 77.90 points and continue to fall.
Died:Julius Drewe, 75, English businessman, retailer and entrepreneur
Japan told the League of Nations that it would allow an investigative committee into Manchuria, but that it could not interfere with Japanese military operations there.
Born:Al Tomko, Canadian professional wrestler and wrestling promoter, in Winnipeg, Manitoba (d. 2009)
November 23, 1931 (Monday)
In Germany, journalists Walter Kreiser and Carl von Ossietzky were each sentenced to 18 months in prison for "betraying military secrets". They had exposed details of Germany's construction of a secret air force in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
The so-called "Boxheim Documents" were revealed in Germany by Prussian Interior Minister Carl Severing, who said they had been passed on to police by a former Nazi. The papers, prepared by Werner Best over the summer, detailed the Nazi Party's contingency plans in the event of a communist coup in Germany. After crushing the communists, the documents read, the SA would take over the country and execute anyone who resisted without trial. A national labour service would also be enacted which would be mandatory in order to be guaranteed food stamps, but "non-Aryans" would be excluded and left to starve.
Hermann Göring made a statement about the Boxheim Documents, insisting that the Nazi leadership had no knowledge of them because they were written by the Hessian Nazis alone.
American theater chain operator and promoter Alexander Pantages was acquitted of rape charges in his second trial. The negative publicity from the trial, however, ended his involvement in business and he would lose most of his wealth by the time of his death in 1936.
Died:Robert Ames, 42, American stage and film actor, was found dead in his room at New York's Hotel Delmonico, from delirium tremens associated with withdrawal from alcohol
November 28, 1931 (Saturday)
A Hungarian army general committed suicide in police custody after being arrested with 31 others for plotting to overthrow the government.
Died:Saya San, 55, Burmese monk and revolutionary leader who had led a rebellion against British colonial authorities, was hanged at the prison in Tharrawaddy
November 29, 1931 (Sunday)
The Internal Revenue Bureau issued its income statistics for 1930, showing that the United States had 19,688 millionaires – half the number from before the Wall Street Crash.
A group of 30 people attacked the Japanese embassy in London by smashing windows and trying to force an entry, but they fled as police arrived.
The Chinese government accepted a League of Nations proposal to establish a neutral zone in Manchuria between Chinese and Japanese forces.
The British pound fell in value to a worth of $3.41 American dollars or 5 s. 10 d. to one dollar (five shillings and a ten pence per dollar), its lowest level since 1918.
References
"Fascisti Cause Riots in French Towns; 20 Hurt". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 2, 1931. p. 23.
Dieter Nohlen, Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Klaus Landfried (1969) Die Wahl der Parlamente und andere Staatsorgane, Walter de Gruyter, p784
Steele, John (November 10, 1931). "Gandhi Admits Defeat; Decided He'll Go Home". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 73. ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
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