Reconstructed ancestor of the Aslian languages
Proto-Aslian is the reconstructed proto-language of the Aslian languages of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand . It has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012).
Reconstructed forms
The 289 reconstructed Proto-Aslian forms below are from Phillips (2012:259-262).
*teew 'water, river'
*bɨŋ 'spider'
*arɯɯɲ 'termite'
*liik 'to swallow'
*rɛɛs 'liver'
*lɯɯʔ 'pig'
*soom 'nest'
*bit 'to close (eyes)'
*uay 'one'
*tam 'to plant'
*uəc 'to whistle'
*paay 'new'
*tam 'right (side)'
*pɯɯs 'to sweep'
*tiɛʔ 'earth'
*cɛɛn 'cooked'
*{(–)l–} '(iterative)'
*{(-)m-} '(nominalizer agentive)'
*{(-)n-} '(nominalizer)'
*{pər-} '(causative)'
*{–ra–} '(plural/comparative)'
*baay 'to dig'
*bakaʔ 'descendant'
*baliiŋ 'sky'
*baʔ 'to carry on back'
*bəhɔ(ɔ)l 'deer'
*bəhiiʔ 'sated (of food)'
*bək 'to tie'
*bəkaaw 'flower'
*bəkah 'to break'
*bəlaaw 'blowgun'
*bəliiŋ 'arm'
*bəlooʔ 'thigh'
*bənɨ(ɨ)m 'mountain'
*bərɔl 'dart butt'
*bəriʔ 'forest'
*bətees 'mushroom'
*bəyk 'white'
*bəʔaak 'flood'
*bəʔet 'good'
*bɨt 'hot'
*bɯɯl 'drunk'
*bɯɯʔ 'to suck'
*boh 'to put/place'
*bus 'cane'
*buyaaʔ 'alligator'
*ca(a)l 'to say'
*caaʔ 'to eat'
*cah 'cah'
*cap 'to catch'
*cɔk 'to stab'
*cɛ(ɛ)s 'to tear'
*cɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'louse'
*cə(n)ruas 'fingernail'
*cədaaw 'rainbow'
*cədək 'to hiccup'
*cɛɛm 'bird'
*cɛɛn 'to cook'
*cəgɛh 'hard'
*cəkʔiɛk 'gecko'
*cəloon 'back'
*cəma(a)ʔ 'sharp'
*cəntɯɯgŋ 'drum'
*cəŋcɛ̃ɛ̃ŋ 'eyebrow'
*cərəs 'rib'
*cəruuʔ 'winnow basket'
*ciip 'to walk'
*cɨl 'tattoo'
*coom 'to burn'
*cuam 'to dig'
*cuəh 'to defecate'
*cuəʔ 'dog'
*daŋ 'to see'
*dɔŋ 't.o. monkey'
*deh 'they (3P)'
*dəka(a)n 'bamboo rat'
*dəlũũʔ 'to push'
*dɯɯŋ 'house'
*duuy 'afternoon'
*gaal 'waist'
*gaɲ 'to bite'
*gɔl 'to carry on back'
*gəcɛɛʔ 'moon'
*gəhɛɛt 'sweet'
*gəlisɛɛh 'to whisper'
*gəluk 'to laugh'
*gəriɛŋ 'monitor lizard'
*gətɔh 'to spit'
*gɨn 'they (3P)'
*gɯɯm 'to winnow'
*gulam 'to carry on shoulder'
*guul 'mortar'
*hã(ã)n 'where'
*haar 'we two (1D.IN)'
*halap 'to raft'
*hawa(a)r 'mucus'
*heeʔ 'you (2S)'
*hə̃m 'to breathe'
*hiiʔ 'we (1P.IN)'
*hiŋkaaʔ 'to play'
*ɟaam / *ʔiɟaam 'to cry'
*ɟak 'to step on'
*ɟaŋka(a)ʔ 'chin/jaw'
*ɟarlaaʔ 'thorn'
*ɟɔ̃ɔ̃t 'to suck'
*ɟeeʔ 'we (1P.EX)'
*ɟəhuuʔ 'tree'
*ɟəl 'to bark'
*ɟəʔaaŋ 'bone'
*ɟɨk 'to breathe'
*ɟɯɯk 'to move'
*ɟuŋ 'foot/leg'
*kniɛʔ 'mouse'
*kʔiɛp 'centipede'
*kaac 'to scratch'
*kaaʔ 'fish'
*kamiɛk 'to carry under arm'
*kaɲɔŋ 'elbow'
*kanɛ(ɛ)t 'small'
*kap 'to bite'
*karɛɛy 'thunder'
*karəŋ 'tree trunk'
*kawããp 'bear'
*kayoot 'pregnant'
*kɔɔɲ 'male'
*ke 'he/she (3S)'
*ke(e)ŋ 'to pull'
*kə(n)siir 'husband'
*kəbəc 'to fish'
*kəbɛɛc 'to spit'
*kəbɨɨʔ 'fruit'
*kəbɨs 'to die'
*kəboʔ 'mosquito'
*kədɛk 'bitter'
*kɛɛʔ 'to seek'
*kəhuəy 'to gape'
*kəl 'to fall'
*kəlaaŋ 'eagle'
*kəlapuəh 'shoulder'
*kəlɨɨt 'firefly'
*kəluəŋ 'inside'
*kəm 'to obtain'
*kəmbaar 'twin'
*kəmeet 'mosquito'
*kəmooc 'ghost'
*kəmuar 'worm, caterpillar'
*kəmuən 'nephew'
*kəɲaaŋ 'quick'
*kəndah 'wife'
*kəpiil 'turtle'
*kərɔʔ 'back'
*kərɟɛr 'to dance'
*kəroom 'under'
*kərual 'knee'
*kəteŋ 'calf (leg)'
*kətɯɯʔ 'skin, bark'
*kəyɔŋ 'to hear'
*kiɛt 'anus'
*kipaaŋ 'top'
*kɯɯʔ 'to vomit'
*kooɲ 'male'
*krkbaak 'butterfly'
*kuəm 'to hold, grasp'
*kuən 'child'
*kuuy 'head'
*lakuəm 'brain'
*las 'ant'
*lɛc 'wrong/miss'
*ləda(a)ʔ 'armpit'
*leew 'bamboo'
*ləhiɛŋ 'saliva'
*lək 'quiver'
*ləmooɲ 'tooth'
*ləɲsiɲ 'gums'
*ləntaak 'tongue'
*ləŋɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'neck'
*ləsəm 'rain'
*ləwɛɛy 'bee'
*liɛp 'to plait (leaves)'
*m(??)h 'you (2S)'
*mahaam 'blood'
*man 'to play'
*mat 'eye'
*mɔɔh 'nose'
*məriɛm 'how many?'
*miɛŋ 'cheek'
*mro(o)ɲ 'louse'
*muuh 'to bathe'
*napak 'boar'
*nɔɔm 'to urinate'
*nɛŋ 'before'
*niis 'mat'
*nooŋ 'road'
*ɲooʔ 'to suck'
*padaw 'bee'
*pak 'to chop'
*paraaʔ 'shelf'
*pareeʔ 'monitor lizard'
*pəhɨɨm 'to break wind'
*pəlɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'astonished'
*pəleek 'bat'
*pəlɛɛʔ 'fruit'
*pələm 'leech'
*pəluaŋ 'roof'
*pənlɯɯŋ 'egg'
*pərəc 'wing'
*pəʔaas 'turtle'
*pɨɨt 'to extinguish'
*pɨt 'to blow'
*puk 'chicken'
*rəmpiɛt 'to thresh'
*rəwaay 'soul'
*riɛt 'to wring'
*rudɔŋ 'friend'
*ruəp 'friend'
*ruəy 'fly'
*ruuy 'to sow'
*rʔiɛs / ʔriɛs 'root'
*sa(a)r 'to descend'
*sɔɔk 'hair, feather'
*sɛ(ɛ)ɲ 'end'
*sətaaʔ 'tail'
*sɛc 'flesh'
*sɛɛh 'to pound'
*sɛɛl 'shy'
*səgu(u)ʔ 'to ask, request'
*səlaay 'field'
*səlaaʔ 'leaf'
*səlɨʔdeʔ 'cockroach'
*səluuh 'to blowpipe'
*səmaaɲ 'to ask'
*səmaaʔ 'human being'
*səŋɛc 'cold'
*səŋəp 'darkness'
*siɛc 'to steal'
*siɛm 'to forget'
*sisɛʔ 'to dance'
*siyãʔ 'house'
*sɯɯc 'to sting'
*suək 'navel'
*suəm 'marrow'
*suuc 'to wash'
*suup 'lung'
*taaɲ 'to plait, weave'
*tabooʔ 'thumb'
*taɟaak 'to carry in hand'
*taɟuuʔ 'snake'
*talun 'python'
*tawɔɔh 't.o. gibbon'
*tawiiŋ 'spider'
*tɔɔt 'to burn'
*təbiŋ 'full'
*təhop 'turtle'
*təhuəl 'to blow'
*təkɔɔʔ 'pus'
*təmɔʔ 'stone'
*təmkal 'male'
*təniit 'lip'
*təŋ(k)əm 'molar'
*tiɛk 'to sleep'
*tiɛl 'footprint'
*tiil 'to dry'
*tool 'to carry on head'
*tuəs 'to pull out'
*wɔɔk 'to wake up'
*we(e)n 'to throw out'
*weeh 'they two (3D)'
*weel 'again'
*wɛ̃ɛ̃n 'to squeeze'
*wiɛl 'left (side)'
*yɛɛʔ 'I (1S)'
*ʔaap 'tiger'
*ʔaat 'stick/spear'
*ʔas 'to swell'
*ʔawak 'ladle'
*ʔɔ̃ɔ̃ɲ 'to smell'
*ʔɔɔs 'fire'
*ʔəʔaak 'crow'
*ʔɛc 'belly, excrement'
*ʔəmpuaʔ 'to dream'
*ʔəndɯɯm 'ripe'
*ʔəɲiiʔ 'before'
*ʔəntaŋ 'ear'
*ʔəntap 'testicle'
*ʔiiɲ 'I (1S)'
*ʔoo 'wasp'
*ʔoor 'to command'
*ʔuək 'to give'
*ʔuuy 'to do'
Lexical innovations
Selected Aslian lexical innovations as identified by Paul Sidwell (2021):
Gloss
Proto-Aslian
Kensiu
Jahai
Semnam
Semelai
‘bitter’
*kədɛk
kadek
kadɛk
kdɛk
kədɛc
‘marrow’
*suəm
–
suwəp
lasuoːm
smsɔm
‘bear’
*kawãːp
kawap
kawip
kaweːp
–
‘sweet’
*gəhɛːt
gəhɛt
bhɛt
bhɛt
gɛhɛt (Temoq )
Phonological correspondences
Proto-Aslian appears to have some phonological rime correspondences with Nancowry , suggesting that there could be a Southern Austroasiatic branch or linkage that includes Aslian and Nicobaric . Gérard Diffloth (2008) presents the following comparisons (as quoted in Sidwell 2021).
Gloss
Proto-Aslian
Nancowry
‘house-fly’
*ruəj
juəj
‘wasp’
*gr-tuəʔ
tũəʔ
‘child’
*kuən
kuən
‘to scratch’
*kuɔc
koac
‘dream’
*-mpuɔʔ
ʔinfoaʔ
‘fingernail’
*c-(n)r-uɔs
kisoah
‘four’
*puɔn
foan
See also
References
Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes . Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
^ Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia . De Gruyter. pp. 179–206. doi :10.1515/9783110558142-011 . ISBN 9783110558142 . S2CID 242599355 .
Diffloth, Gérard. 2008. Proto-Aslian diphthongs and historical parallels in other Austroasiatic languages . Paper presented at the 18th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 22 May.
Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes . Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages . Leiden: Brill.
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