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	\| conviction_status =		\| conviction_status =
	\| victims = approx. 10.000k		\| victims = approx. 10.000k
	\| apprehended = 26 December, 2024		\| apprehended = 26 December 2024
	\| module = {{Infobox military person \|embed=yes		\| module = {{Infobox military person \|embed=yes
	\| allegiance = {{flag\|Ba'athist Syria}}		\| allegiance = {{flag\|Ba'athist Syria}}
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	'''Mohammed Kanjo Hassan''' was a Syrian ] who served as head of Syria's military field court and chief of military justice across Syria.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Syria's new rulers arrest official behind Saydnaya death penalties \|date=27 December 2024 \|work=France 24 \|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241226-syria-new-rulers-arrest-key-military-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-assad \|access-date=27 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=\|date=June 11, 2011 \|work=Word Press \|url=https://introac.wordpress.com/2011/07/11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9/\|access-date=27 December 2024 }}</ref>		'''Mohammed Kanjo Hassan''' was a Syrian ] who served as head of Syria's military field court and chief of military justice across Syria.<ref name="France 24">{{Cite web \|title=Syria's new rulers arrest official behind Saydnaya death penalties \|date=27 December 2024 \|work=France 24 \|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241226-syria-new-rulers-arrest-key-military-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-assad \|access-date=27 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=\|date=June 11, 2011 \|work=Word Press \|url=https://introac.wordpress.com/2011/07/11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9/\|access-date=27 December 2024 }}</ref>

	Kanjo Hassan became notorious for his role in the atrocities committed in ]. On December 26, 2024, Kanjo Hassan was arrested by ] after a gunfight between Syrian security forces and Kanjo Hassan loyalists.<ref~~>{{Cite~~ ~~web \|title=Syria's new rulers arrest official behind Saydnaya death penalties \|date=27 December 2024 \|work~~=France 24 ~~\|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241226-syria-new-rulers-arrest-key-military-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-assad \|access-date=27 December 2024 }}<~~/~~ref~~>		Kanjo Hassan became notorious for his role in the atrocities committed in ]. On December 26, 2024, Kanjo Hassan was arrested by ] after a gunfight between Syrian security forces and Kanjo Hassan loyalists.<ref name="France 24"/>

	== Background ==		== Background ==
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	]		]
	Kanjo Hassan was the head of Syria's military field court from 2011 to 2014. Later on, Kanjo Hassan was promoted to chief of military justice across Syria,		Kanjo Hassan was the head of Syria's military field court from 2011 to 2014. Later on, Kanjo Hassan was promoted to chief of military justice across Syria,
	During his tenure in the military field court, Kanjo Hassan was accused of extorting detainees’ families in order to obtain money from them, amassing $150 million from bribes paid by relatives of detainees desperate for information on their loved ones.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Hounshell \|first=Blake \|date=December 27 2024 \|title=syria-former-justice-who-sent-thousands-to-death-arrested\|work=] \|url=https://www.amp.dw.com/en/syria-former-justice-who-sent-thousands-to-death-arrested/a-71166368\|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Hounshell \|first=Blake \|date=December 27 2024 \|title=syria-captures-key-military-official-involved-sednaya-prison-abuses\|work=] \|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-captures-key-military-official-involved-sednaya-prison-abuses\|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>		During his tenure in the military field court, Kanjo Hassan was accused of extorting detainees’ families in order to obtain money from them, amassing $150 million from bribes paid by relatives of detainees desperate for information on their loved ones.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Hounshell \|first=Blake \|date=December 27, 2024 \|title=syria-former-justice-who-sent-thousands-to-death-arrested\|work=] \|url=https://www.amp.dw.com/en/syria-former-justice-who-sent-thousands-to-death-arrested/a-71166368\|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Hounshell \|first=Blake \|date=December 27, 2024 \|title=syria-captures-key-military-official-involved-sednaya-prison-abuses\|work=] \|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-captures-key-military-official-involved-sednaya-prison-abuses\|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>

	During his role as prosecutor for the military courts, Kanjo Hassan was responsible for issuing various death sentences, life sentences and prolonged prison sentences.		During his role as prosecutor for the military courts, Kanjo Hassan was responsible for issuing various death sentences, life sentences and prolonged prison sentences.

	Kanjo Hassan would amend charges set out against the defendants following the issuance of a presidential amnesty, so that the amnesty would not apply to them which led the mass trial of 116 defendants who were arrested during the ].		Kanjo Hassan would amend charges set out against the defendants following the issuance of a presidential amnesty, so that the amnesty would not apply to them which led the mass trial of 116 defendants who were arrested during the ].
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	== Manhunt and capture ==		== Manhunt and capture ==
	On 25 December, unidentified armed groups conducted synchronized assaults on multiple security checkpoints in the western Hama countryside with ] and ], killing one Syrian government troop and injuring another.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|date=2024-12-25 \|title=بقواذف ~~“الآر~~ بي ~~جي”~~ والأسلحة الثقيلة.. مقـ ـتل وإصابة عنصرين من إدارة العمليات العسكرية بهـ ـجـ ـوم لمجموعات مسلحة على مواقع بريف حماة {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان \|url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82/742483/ \|access-date=2024-12-27 \|language=ar}}</ref> On the same day, a contingent of the General Security Forces –a police unit loyal to the new government– made their way to the ] village in the southern Tartus Governorate. They intended to arrest Kanjo Hassan. Upon entering the village, the General Security Forces were ambushed by militants, with 14 policemen and three attackers being killed. According to '']'', loyalists of Kanjo Hassan and another former Ba'athist officer, ], were responsible for the ambush.<ref name="SOHR25Dec25" /> The militants were led by Mohammed Kanjo Hassan's brother and expelled the security forces from the village.<ref name="SOHR25Dec26">{{cite web\|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/352294/ \|title=Amid escape of several wanted individuals and arrest of dozens, including "Kanjo" Military Operations Directorate launches combing operation in Tartous countryside \|work=]\|date=26 December 2024 \|access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> The transitional government described the ambush as an attack by Assad loyalists. A curfew was declared at several cities.<ref name="mee" />		On 25 December, unidentified armed groups conducted synchronized assaults on multiple security checkpoints in the western Hama countryside with ] and ]s, killing one Syrian government troop and injuring another.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|date=2024-12-25 \|title=بقواذف "الآر بي جي" والأسلحة الثقيلة.. مقـ ـتل وإصابة عنصرين من إدارة العمليات العسكرية بهـ ـجـ ـوم لمجموعات مسلحة على مواقع بريف حماة {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان \|url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82/742483/ \|access-date=2024-12-27 \|language=ar}}</ref> On the same day, a contingent of the General Security Forces –a police unit loyal to the new government– made their way to the ] village in the southern Tartus Governorate. They intended to arrest Kanjo Hassan. Upon entering the village, the General Security Forces were ambushed by militants, with 14 policemen and three attackers being killed. According to '']'', loyalists of Kanjo Hassan and another former Ba'athist officer, ], were responsible for the ambush.<ref name="SOHR25Dec25" /> The militants were led by Mohammed Kanjo Hassan's brother and expelled the security forces from the village.<ref name="SOHR25Dec26">{{cite web\|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/352294/ \|title=Amid escape of several wanted individuals and arrest of dozens, including "Kanjo" Military Operations Directorate launches combing operation in Tartous countryside \|work=]\|date=26 December 2024 \|access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> The transitional government described the ambush as an attack by Assad loyalists. A curfew was declared at several cities.<ref name="mee" />

	The next day, the Syrian Military Operations Department conducted a major security operation combing through several Tartus Governorate villages and forests for regime loyalists and those involved with Assad regime-related crimes.<ref name=":2" /> Armed forces launched a raid in the village of ], resulting in the arrest of Kanjo Hassan and twenty of his associates. Kanjo Hassan was found hiding in a hole in the ground.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|last=السوري \|first=المرصد \|date=2024-12-26 \|title=تصفية "شبيح" ومقتل اثنين من المتورطين بقتل عناصر الأمن العام في الساحل السوري {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان \|url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8/742547/ \|access-date=2024-12-27 \|language=ar}}</ref> The conflict resulted in fourteen interior ministry personnel losing their lives and ten others sustaining injuries during what officials described as an "ambush".<ref name=":0" /> Three gunmen associated with Kanjo Hassan were also killed in the gun fight.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=السوري \|first=المرصد \|date=2024-12-25 \|title=مقتل 6 عناصر من قوى الأمن العام باشتباكات مع عصابة أحد سفاحي "صيدنايا" في ريف طرطوس {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان \|url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-6-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7/742416/ \|access-date=2024-12-27 \|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Hounshell \|first=Blake \|date=December 27 2024 \|title=syria-authorities-arrest-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties\|work=] \|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/12/27/syria-authorities-arrest-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-ngo_6736475_4.html\|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref><ref~~>{{Cite~~ ~~web \|title=Syria's new rulers arrest official behind Saydnaya death penalties \|date=27 December 2024 \|work~~=France 24 ~~\|url=https:~~/~~/www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241226-syria-new-rulers-arrest-key-military-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-assad \|access-date=27 December 2024 }}</ref~~>		The next day, the Syrian Military Operations Department conducted a major security operation combing through several Tartus Governorate villages and forests for regime loyalists and those involved with Assad regime-related crimes.<ref name=":2" /> Armed forces launched a raid in the village of ], resulting in the arrest of Kanjo Hassan and twenty of his associates. Kanjo Hassan was found hiding in a hole in the ground.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|last=السوري \|first=المرصد \|date=2024-12-26 \|title=تصفية "شبيح" ومقتل اثنين من المتورطين بقتل عناصر الأمن العام في الساحل السوري {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان \|url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8/742547/ \|access-date=2024-12-27 \|language=ar}}</ref> The conflict resulted in fourteen interior ministry personnel losing their lives and ten others sustaining injuries during what officials described as an "ambush".<ref name=":0" /> Three gunmen associated with Kanjo Hassan were also killed in the gun fight.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=السوري \|first=المرصد \|date=2024-12-25 \|title=مقتل 6 عناصر من قوى الأمن العام باشتباكات مع عصابة أحد سفاحي "صيدنايا" في ريف طرطوس {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان \|url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-6-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7/742416/ \|access-date=2024-12-27 \|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Hounshell \|first=Blake \|date=December 27, 2024 \|title=syria-authorities-arrest-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties\|work=] \|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/12/27/syria-authorities-arrest-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-ngo_6736475_4.html\|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref><ref name="France 24"/>

	The news of Kanjo Hassan’s detention was confirmed by the ]. And the ] welcomed the arrest, describing it as an "important step on the path to justice and the prosecution of those who committed crimes against the Syrian people".<ref~~>{{Cite~~ ~~web \|title=Syria's new rulers arrest official behind Saydnaya death penalties \|date=27 December 2024 \|work~~=France 24 ~~\|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241226-syria-new-rulers-arrest-key-military-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties-assad \|access-date=27 December 2024 }}<~~/~~ref~~>		The news of Kanjo Hassan’s detention was confirmed by the ]. And the ] welcomed the arrest, describing it as an "important step on the path to justice and the prosecution of those who committed crimes against the Syrian people".<ref name="France 24"/>

	== References ==		== References ==
			{{Reflist}}

	{{Ba'ath Party}}		{{Ba'ath Party}}
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	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

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	{{improve categories\|date=December 2024}}		{{improve categories\|date=December 2024}}

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Revision as of 16:59, 28 December 2024

Head of Syria's military field court the from 2011 to 2014

Mohammed Kanjo Hassan
Born	Unknown year Duraykish District, Syria
Nationality	Syrian
Known for	Mastermind of Sednaya prison torture and abuse
Political party	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

Details
Victims	approx. 10.000k
Date apprehended	26 December 2024


Military career
Allegiance	Ba'athist Syria
Service / branch	Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAR)
Rank	Major General
Battles / wars	Syrian Civil War

Mohammed Kanjo Hassan was a Syrian major general who served as head of Syria's military field court and chief of military justice across Syria.

Kanjo Hassan became notorious for his role in the atrocities committed in Sednaya Prison. On December 26, 2024, Kanjo Hassan was arrested by Military Operations Command after a gunfight between Syrian security forces and Kanjo Hassan loyalists.

Background

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Mohammad Kanjo Hassan was born in the Duraykish District in Tartus. After graduating from law school, Hassan enrolled in the Syrian Arab Armed Forces where he joined the military judiciary, climbing the ranks until he was appointed as prosecutor for the military field court.

Role during the Assad regime

Kanjo Hassan was the head of Syria's military field court from 2011 to 2014. Later on, Kanjo Hassan was promoted to chief of military justice across Syria, During his tenure in the military field court, Kanjo Hassan was accused of extorting detainees’ families in order to obtain money from them, amassing $150 million from bribes paid by relatives of detainees desperate for information on their loved ones.

During his role as prosecutor for the military courts, Kanjo Hassan was responsible for issuing various death sentences, life sentences and prolonged prison sentences.

Kanjo Hassan would amend charges set out against the defendants following the issuance of a presidential amnesty, so that the amnesty would not apply to them which led the mass trial of 116 defendants who were arrested during the Siege of Daraa.

According to the victims, the trials would usually last three minutes, during which the detainee is not permitted to speak and there are no rights to representation from legal counsel. Kanjo Hassan carried out his role as prosecutor until his promotion to the rank of major-general, becoming head of the court.

After the fall of the Assad regime, Kanjo Hassan would go into hiding as he became the most wanted fugitive in Syria after members of the Assad family. And would lead the Ba'athist insurgency in western Syria.

Manhunt and capture

On 25 December, unidentified armed groups conducted synchronized assaults on multiple security checkpoints in the western Hama countryside with RPG launchers and heavy machine guns, killing one Syrian government troop and injuring another. On the same day, a contingent of the General Security Forces –a police unit loyal to the new government– made their way to the Khirbet al-Ma'zah village in the southern Tartus Governorate. They intended to arrest Kanjo Hassan. Upon entering the village, the General Security Forces were ambushed by militants, with 14 policemen and three attackers being killed. According to SOHR, loyalists of Kanjo Hassan and another former Ba'athist officer, Suhayl al-Hasan, were responsible for the ambush. The militants were led by Mohammed Kanjo Hassan's brother and expelled the security forces from the village. The transitional government described the ambush as an attack by Assad loyalists. A curfew was declared at several cities.

The next day, the Syrian Military Operations Department conducted a major security operation combing through several Tartus Governorate villages and forests for regime loyalists and those involved with Assad regime-related crimes. Armed forces launched a raid in the village of Khirbet al-Ma'zah, resulting in the arrest of Kanjo Hassan and twenty of his associates. Kanjo Hassan was found hiding in a hole in the ground. The conflict resulted in fourteen interior ministry personnel losing their lives and ten others sustaining injuries during what officials described as an "ambush". Three gunmen associated with Kanjo Hassan were also killed in the gun fight.

The news of Kanjo Hassan’s detention was confirmed by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. And the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces welcomed the arrest, describing it as an "important step on the path to justice and the prosecution of those who committed crimes against the Syrian people".

References

^ "Syria's new rulers arrest official behind Saydnaya death penalties". France 24. 27 December 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
Word Press. June 11, 2011 https://introac.wordpress.com/2011/07/11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9/. Retrieved 27 December 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Hounshell, Blake (December 27, 2024). "syria-former-justice-who-sent-thousands-to-death-arrested". DW. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
Hounshell, Blake (December 27, 2024). "syria-captures-key-military-official-involved-sednaya-prison-abuses". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
"Inside Bashar al-Assad's dungeons". The Economist. 9 December 2024. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
Anderson, Jon Lee. "Searching for Loved Ones in a Newly Liberated Syrian Prison". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 12 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
^ "Armed clashes. 14 members of the General Security Forces killed in Tartous countryside". SOHR. 25 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
"بقواذف "الآر بي جي" والأسلحة الثقيلة.. مقـ ـتل وإصابة عنصرين من إدارة العمليات العسكرية بهـ ـجـ ـوم لمجموعات مسلحة على مواقع بريف حماة | المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان" (in Arabic). 2024-12-25. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
"Amid escape of several wanted individuals and arrest of dozens, including "Kanjo" Military Operations Directorate launches combing operation in Tartous countryside". SOHR. 26 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
Cite error: The named reference mee was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
السوري, المرصد (2024-12-26). "تصفية "شبيح" ومقتل اثنين من المتورطين بقتل عناصر الأمن العام في الساحل السوري | المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان" (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-12-27.
Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
السوري, المرصد (2024-12-25). "مقتل 6 عناصر من قوى الأمن العام باشتباكات مع عصابة أحد سفاحي "صيدنايا" في ريف طرطوس | المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان" (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-12-27.
Hounshell, Blake (December 27, 2024). "syria-authorities-arrest-official-behind-saydnaya-death-penalties". Le Monde. Retrieved 2024-12-27.

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party

Iraqi-dominated faction
Syrian-dominated faction

History

Predecessors	Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
Founders	Michel Aflaq Salah al-Din al-Bitar
Pre-split	1954 Syrian coup d'état 14 July Revolution 1959 Mosul uprising Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Ba'athist Syria Politics National Council for the Revolutionary Command Ar-Rashid revolt November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état
Post-split	17 July Revolution Ba'athist Iraq Revolutionary Command Council Members Arab Belt Corrective Movement Union of Arab Republics Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Assadist–Saddamist conflict Faith Campaign Iraqi conflict De-Ba'athification in Iraq Ba'ath Party archives Syrian civil war Fall of the Assad regime

Leadership

General Secretaries

Pre-split	Michel Aflaq Munif Razzaz
Iraqi-dominated faction	Michel Aflaq Saddam Hussein Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Salah Al-Mukhtar*
Syrian-dominated faction	Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Abdullah al-Ahmar (de facto) Bashar al-Assad

Regional Secretaries

Iraq	Fuad al-Rikabi Talib El-Shibib Ali Salih al-Sa'di Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed*
Jordan	Abdullah Rimawi Munif Razzaz Akram al-Homsi*
Lebanon	Assem Qanso Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
Palestine	Isam al-Qadi Rakad Salem*
Syria	Hammud al-Shufi Shibli al-Aysami Amin al-Hafiz Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Bashar al-Assad

Members of the National Command

Members of the Regional Commands

Iraq	Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur Ghanim Abdul-Jalil Saad Abdul-Majid Jamal Mustafa Abdullah Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed Salah Omar al-Ali Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash Salih Mahdi Ammash Hussein Al-Awadi Tariq Aziz Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Saadoun Ghaidan Fadil Mahmud Gharib Mizban Khadr al-Hadi Sa'dun Hammadi Qusay Hussein Saddam Hussein Latif Nassif Jassim Rashid Taan Kazim Adnan Khayr Allah Ali Hassan al-Majid Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim Aziz Saleh Al-Numan Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi Taha Yassin Ramadan Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi Rashid al-Rifai Fuad al-Rikabi Ali Salih al-Sa'di Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i Talib El-Shibib Nayef Shindakh Thamer Khamis Sirhan Hardan al-Tikriti Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi Tahir Yahya Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi Ibrahim Hesqel
Lebanon	Musa Shuaib
Syria	Hadiya Khalaf Abbas Abdullah al-Ahmar Hussein Arnous Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Maher al-Assad Rifaat al-Assad Nureddin al-Atassi Shibli al-Aysami Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan Muhsen Bilal Mahdi Dakhlallah Ahmad Diyab Ali Duba Fahd Jassem al-Freij Marwan Habash Ibrahim al-Hadid Amin al-Hafiz Muhammad Ali al-Halabi Wael Nader al-Halqi Adnan Badr Hassan Salim Hatum Hilal Hilal Mohammad al-Hussein Hisham Ikhtiyar Salah Jadid Abdul-Karim al-Jundi Sami al-Jundi Abdul Rauf al-Kasm Abdul Halim Khaddam Imad Khamis Ahmad al-Khatib Abdul Rahman Khleifawi Mohammad Jihad al-Laham Ibrahim Makhous Zuhair Masharqa Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Abdul Qadir Qaddura Hammouda Sabbagh Farouk al-Sharaa Hikmat al-Shihabi Hammud al-Shufi Mustafa Tlass Hasan Turkmani Muhammad Umran Salim Yasin Yusuf Zuayyin
Yemen	Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab

Heads of state

Iraq	Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein
Syria	Amin al-Hafiz Nureddin al-Atassi Ahmad al-Khatib Hafez al-Assad Abdul Halim Khaddam (interim) Bashar al-Assad

Heads of government

Iraq	Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Sa'dun Hammadi Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
Syria	Salah al-Din al-Bitar Amin al-Hafiz Yusuf Zuayyin Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Abdul Rahman Khleifawi Mahmoud al-Ayyubi Muhammad Ali al-Halabi Abdul Rauf al-Kasm Mahmoud Al-Zoubi Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji Wael Nader al-Halqi Imad Khamis Hussein Arnous Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali

* = incumbent

Organization

Regional branches

Iraqi-dominated faction	Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Regional Command Jordan Lebanon Libya Mauritania Palestine Sudan Tunisia Yemen
Syrian-dominated faction	Jordan Lebanon Mauritania Palestine South Yemen Sudan Syria Central Command History National Security Bureau Yemen

Newspapers

Popular fronts

Wings

Paramilitary	Ba'ath Brigades Fedayeen Saddam National Defense Battalions Popular Army
Youth	Revolutionary Youth Union

Associated organizations

Armed groups

Breakaway groups

Political alliances

Current	Alliance of Palestinian Forces Forces of Freedom and Change March 8 Alliance National Consensus Forces National Democratic Alliance Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
Former	Ahd Bloc Front of Patriotic and National Parties Lebanese National Movement Lebanese National Resistance Front National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria National Union Front Palestinian National Alliance Palestinian National Salvation Front Rejectionist Front

Political parties

Other organizations

Miscellaneous

Ideology	Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Arab nationalism Arab socialism Ba'athism Neo-Ba'athism Pan-Arabism Progressivism Republicanism Revolutionary socialism Saddamism Secularism Socialism Vanguardism
Literature	The Battle for One Destiny On the Way of Resurrection
Symbolism	Unity, Freedom, Socialism Arḍ ul-Furātayn Pan-Arab colors

Syria articles

History

Timeline Years in Syria
Prehistorical Syria	Levantine corridor Natufian culture Halaf culture Uruk period Abu Hureyra Aswad Yarmukian culture
Ancient Syria	Amorites Akkadian Empire Arameans Canaanites Middle Assyrian Empire Ebla Yamhad Qatna Mari Ugarit Aram-Damascus Syro-Hittite states Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Syria Seleucid Syria Roman Syria Palmyrene Empire Byzantine Syria
Medieval Syria	Muslim conquest (636) Caliphal Syria (Bilad al-Sham) Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Zangid dynasty Hamdanid dynasty Mirdasid dynasty Fatimid Syria Saljuqid Syria Crusader states County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Ayyubid Syria (1174–1260) Mamluk Syria (1260–1516)
Early modern Syria	Ottoman Syria (1516–1918)
Modern Syria	Arab kingdom (1920) Haj Fadel Government French Mandate Syrian Federation (1922–25) State of Syria (1925–30) Mandatory Republic (1930–46) independent First Republic (1946–50) Second Republic (1950–1963) Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) Civil war Post-Assad Syria (2024–present)

Geography

Borders Cities Districts Governorates Rivers Volcanoes
Features	Al-Jazira Anti-Lebanon Mountains Euphrates Golan Heights Hauran Hermon Orontes Syrian Desert
Related	Syria (region) Southern Syria Fertile Crescent Levant

Politics

Military

Economy

Agriculture Central Bank Companies Industry International rankings Pound (currency) Securities Exchange (stock exchange)
Infrastructure	Energy and mineral resources Electricity sector Petroleum industry Telecommunications Transport Water supply and sanitation

Society

Censorship Demographics Education Health Hunger People diaspora refugees (2011–present) women Public holidays Scouting Squatting
Culture	Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine (wine) Films Flag Media State television Music Religion Smoking

Category

v t e Arab Spring
"Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam"
Events by country	Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen
Groups	Bahrain: Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood (FJP) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom Ultras Ahlawy Libya: National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania: February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut-Tahrir Foreign fighters Tunisia: Constitutional Democratic Rally Ennahda Popular Front Tunisian General Labour Union Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al-Islah Hashid Houthis General People's Congress Hiraak
Notable people	Women in the Arab Spring Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al-Sheikh Egypt: Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawy Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Jordan: King Abdullah II Marouf al-Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya: Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul-Jelil Mahmud Gebril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco: Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al-Johani Manal al-Sharif Nimr al-Nimr Sudan: Omar al-Bashir Hassan al-Turabi Syria: Bashar al-Assad Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Maher al-Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al-Khatib Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Rashid al-Ghannushi Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates: UAE Five Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al-Zindani Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Sadiq al-Ahmar Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
Impact	Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011–2012 2013 United Kingdom United States Libyan civil war (2011–present) Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
UN Resolutions	65/265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016
International reactions	Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen
Domestic reactions	Egypt Libya domestic responses Syria
Timelines by country	Bahrain Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Yemen Libya Egypt
Category

Syrian civil war

Overviews

Main overviews	Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)
Effects and ongoing concerns	Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
Phases and processes	Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process
World reaction	International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime
Specific groups and countries	Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria US intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force
Agreements and dialogues	Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria
Transitional phase	Syrian transitional government

Timeline

Background

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2020
Jan–Dec

2021
Jan–Dec

2022
Jan–Dec

2023
Jan-Dec

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present

Spillover

Israel and Golan Heights:	March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents
Iraq:	Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
Jordanian border incidents	April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
Lebanon:	Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)
Turkey:	December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield
Elsewhere:	Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

Ba'athist regime

Politics of Ba'athist Syria	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party
Military and militias	Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army
Foreign support	Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition

Interim government	National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group
Opposition militias	Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves
Foreign support	US intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria

DFNS Government	Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties
SDF militias	People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade
Support	Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists

Islamic State

al-Qaeda and allies

People

Elections	2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election
Issues	Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Mass graves Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions
Peace process	Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee
Investigations/legal cases	Investigations International Commission Chemical weapons War crimes cases Germany Canada + Netherlands vs Syria
Related topics	Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture

Category

v t e Arab nationalism
Ideology	Arab socialism Ba'athism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Third International Theory
History	Arab Revolt Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Iraqi Revolt Arab separatism in Khuzestan 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Great Syrian Revolt 1941 Iraqi coup d'état Anglo-Iraqi War Arab–Israeli conflict Suez Crisis Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1952 Egyptian revolution Iraqi Intifada Algerian War 14 July Revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1961 Syrian coup d'état Arab Cold War North Yemen Civil War Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Dhofar War November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état Aden Emergency 1966 Syrian coup d'état 17 July Revolution 1969 Sudanese coup d'état 1969 Libyan revolution Black September Lebanese Civil War Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Yemeni unification
Concepts	Arab identity Arab Union Arab world Arabization
Personalities	Butrus al-Bustani Michel Aflaq Jassem Alwan Yasser Arafat Abdul Rahman Arif Abdul Salam Arif Zaki al-Arsuzi Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Jamal al-Atassi Mansur al-Atrash Sultan al-Atrash Tariq Aziz Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Ahmed Ben Bella Salah al-Din al-Bitar Izzat Darwaza Faisal I of Iraq Muammar Gaddafi Rashid Ali al-Gaylani George Habash Sati' al-Husri Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz Saddam Hussein Amin al-Husseini Salah Jadid Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi Mostéfa Merarda Gamal Abdel Nasser Adnan Pachachi Ameen Rihani Fuad al-Rikabi Abdullah Rimawi Hamdeen Sabahi Constantin Zureiq
Organizations	Al-Awda Al-Fatat Al-Mourabitoun Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Arab Federation Arab Higher Committee Arab Islamic Republic Arab Liberation Army Arab Nationalist Movement Arab Socialist Action Party Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) Arab Socialist Union (Libya) Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) Arabian Peninsula People's Union Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) Fatah Federation of Arab Republics General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) Islamic Legion Lebanese National Movement National Liberation Front (Algeria) Palestine Liberation Organization Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Rejectionist Front Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Unified Political Command Union of Arab Republics (1972) United Arab Republic United Arab States
Literature	The Arab Awakening The Battle for One Destiny On the Way of Resurrection
Symbolism	Arab Liberation Flag Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic Eagle of Saladin Flag of the Arab Federation Flag of the Arab Revolt Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics Flag of the United Arab Republic Hawk of Quraish Pan-Arab colors
Related topics	Algerian nationalism Egyptian nationalism Greater Mauritania Greater Morocco Greater Syria Greater Yemen Iraqi nationalism Islamism Jordanian nationalism Lebanese nationalism Libyan nationalism Palestinian nationalism Pan-Islamism Sahrawi nationalism Syrian nationalism Tunisian nationalism
Category

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Syrian criminals