| Palu Malay | |
|---|---|
| Melayu Tawaeli (Tavaeli), Melayu Teluk Palu, Melayu Sulawesi Tengah | |
| Melayu Palu | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Kaili |
| Native speakers | 400.000 (2023) |
| Language family | Austronesian
|
| Dialects |
|
| Writing system | Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
 The distribution map of Palu Malay in the area around the Palu Bay with the following legend:
Palu Malay is spoken significantly in the area Palu Malay is likely spoken in the area | |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Palu Malay is a Malayic language spoken by the Kaili people in Palu and surrounding areas in Central Sulawesi (including the entire coast of Palu Bay). When viewed from a linguistic perspective, as well as its early spread and usage history, this language is not considered a Malay-based creole variety commonly used in eastern Indonesia. However, currently, in terms of grammar and vocabulary, Palu Malay has been heavily influenced by market Malay, especially Manado Malay. Palu Malay has been significantly influenced by the local languages of Palu and its surrounding areas, with the most dominant non-Malay element being derived from the Kaili language. The use of Malay in the areas around Palu Bay is closely related to the history of the spread of Islam in Central Sulawesi.
History
The use of Malay in Palu initially began in the Tawaeli region after being introduced by an Islamic scholar named Yodo Radjalangi, and later spread throughout the coastline of Palu Bay. Prior to this, another scholar, Pue Bulangisi, had already introduced the Jawi script (locally known as Arab-Malay) to the people of Palu. Both of these religious figures came from Mandar, and it was the Mandar descendants who introduced both the Arabic-Malay script and the Malay language to the people of Tawaeli. Pue Bulangisi laid the foundation for the recitation of the Quran and Arabic-Malay texts in Tawaeli during the reign of King Daesalemba (1605–1667). Meanwhile, Yodo Radjalangi established the use of the Malay language and the Latin alphabet in Tawaeli during the reign of King Yangge Bodu (1800–1900).
Ancient manuscripts, such as the Quran, the Falakiyah texts, prayer books, and the Maulid, serve as evidence of the teaching of Arabic-Malay script and the Malay language, often mixed with Bugis and Mandar languages. Additionally, the testimony of David Woodard between 1793–1795, when he was detained in the Banawa Kingdom, confirmed that Malay had already developed in the Banawa and Tawaeli regions at that time.
Dialects
Following its development and the influence of surrounding languages, as well as various other forms of Malay, particularly the Malay spoken in Manado, which is also widely used in Central Sulawesi, and to a lesser extent the influence of Makassar Malay, Palu Malay has now evolved into two main dialects. These dialects, though generally distinct, still originate from the same linguistic root: the standard dialect and the pasar (market) dialect.
Standard dialect
The standard dialect, or Standard Palu Malay, is a derivative of the original form of Palu Malay that is still spoken today by a small group of speakers. It is primarily used in two historical areas where Malay was first introduced in Palu: Tawaeli and Banawa. The Standard Dialect retains many archaic and traditional features, particularly in vocabulary and grammar. It serves as the standardized form of Palu Malay. Its written form was originally preserved in the Arabic-Malay script (Jawi), especially for literary works, although it is now more commonly written using the Latin alphabet.
Pasar dialect
The Pasar dialect, or Palu Malay Pasar dialect, also known as Low Malay, is a variant of Palu Malay shaped by the influence of local languages, particularly Kaili. Additionally, Manado Malay, a Malay-based creole, is widely spoken in the region. This dialect emerged around the mid-19th century and is said to have undergone creolization due to Palu's strategic port location, which attracted various ethnic groups with diverse linguistic backgrounds, as well as the significant influence of Dutch colonialism during that time. The Market Dialect is characterized by a simplified grammar and structure compared to the standard dialect. It is spoken widely across the Palu Bay area and extends to surrounding regions. The dialect is known for its distinctive code-switching, particularly with Indonesian, Kaili, Manado Malay, Makassar Malay, and Bugis. Today, the Pasar dialect functions as a lingua franca, or common language, in the Palu Bay region.
Writing system
Jawi script
The spread of Islam in Tawaeli was carried out by ulama, with Daeng Konda, also known as Pue Bulangisi, being the first Islamic preacher in the area. Darmawan Mas'ud mentions that Daeng Konda, or Dato Karama, was a noble from Mandar, and his mission was to convert King Daesalembah (Magau III of Tawaeli) to Islam. Daeng Konda’s noble status facilitated the conversion of King Daesalembah, as he was a descendant of the Sendana King. Pue Bulangisi was instrumental in teaching the people of Tawaeli to pray and read the Qur'an. He established a place of worship called Langga near a spring that he caused to flow by planting his stick into the ground. This spring, named Uwe Langga by the Kaili people, became a site for wudu and worship. Pue Bulangisi’s influence led to the widespread adoption of Islam in the region. During the reign of King Daesalembah (1605–1667), the king's conversion to Islam brought significant changes to the kingdom, including the alignment of traditional customs with Islamic teachings. Pue Bulangisi’s contributions were pivotal, and he eventually married a princess from Tawaeli, settling there until his death. In Tudjimah's (2005) records, Daeng Konda is said to have been a student of Yusuf Al-Makassari, a prominent ulama from Makassar. This connection facilitated the spread of Islam in the region, with the Qur'an being taught in both Arabic and Bugis scripts, reflecting the influence of the Bugis and Makassar regions on the Islamic practices in Central Sulawesi.
The use of the Jawi script in Palu has become increasingly limited, primarily restricted to religious and cultural contexts. It is now predominantly employed for writing inscriptions and religious manuscripts.
Latin script
Based on his genealogy, Yodo Radjalangi is considered to be of mixed Mandar and Tawaeli descent. His father, Radjalangi, married the daughter of Datumpedagi from Vatutela. They had one child, Yodo Radjalangi, who later moved to Tawaeli, married in Nupa, and settled in Nupa Bomba, part of the old kingdom before the establishment of the Patanggota kingdom.
Yodo Radjalangi is known for being the first to introduce the Latin alphabet in Tawaeli. He also served as an imam at the revered Masjid Jami Tawaeli and became an advisor during the reign of Mangge Bodu (Magau Punggu), who ruled Tawaeli from 1800 to 1900. At the time, Magau Punggu was appointed king at the age of 12, and his uncle, Datumpedagi (Pue Oge Nganga), acted as the regent. Yodo Radjalangi's initial purpose in coming to Tawaeli was to integrate with the local community, which still adhered to strong traditional customs and a monarchy system. At that time, the society was largely illiterate. Yodo Radjalangi introduced the Latin alphabet to the people of Tawaeli and became known as Mangge Sule or Radjulaeni, a name given to him by the Kaili people. His efforts also included teaching the community literacy in the Latin script, which later influenced the development of the Bura Sendana song in Mandar. Yodo Radjalangi's legacy is also reflected in his influence on arts like pantun (traditional poetry) and songs, which were written in Malay using the Latin alphabet, confirming the use of Malay language in Central Sulawesi.
References
Notes
- The estimated population of the area where Palu Malay is spoken.
Citations
- ^ Nuraedah (2015). J. Surjo (ed.). Sejarah Dan Tradisi Lokal Masyarakat Kaili Di Sigi (in Indonesian). Sleman, Indonesia: CV Budi Utama. p. 299. ISBN 978-602-280-720-9. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Collins, James T. (2006). Sejarah bahasa Melayu: Sulawesi Tengah, 1793–1795 (in Indonesian). Makassar, Indonesia: Universitas Negeri Makassar. p. 120. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Sadi, Haliadi (2020-10-09). "Yodo Rajalangi dan Perkembangan Bahasa Melayu di Tavaeli Palu". KAMBOTI: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora. 1 (1): 59–66. doi:10.51135/kambotivol1iss1pp59-66. ISSN 2746-475X.
- Rahmadani, Mirza (31 October 2022). "Biar terlihat pro; inilah panduan bahasa sehari-hari bagi para perantau di Palu". tutura.id (in Indonesian). TUTURA.ID. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
- Daud, Moh. Fadhil Ramadhan (16 April 2024). "Rahasia Terungkap: Mengapa Bahasa Belanda Tak Populer di Indonesia?". www.kabarpalu.net (in Indonesian). Kabar Palu. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- Paada, Laila Kurniawaty; Wijana, I Dewa Putu (2009). Penggunaan bahasa di Kota Palu: Kajian sosiolinguistik dalam ranah jual beli di pasar tradisional. etd.repository.ugm.ac.id (Thesis) (in Indonesia). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: University of Gadjah Mada. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Burhanudin, Dede (2016-06-30). "Inskripsi Keagamaan Nusantara di Palu Sulawesi Tengah". Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan. 14 (1): 153. doi:10.31291/jlk.v14i1.476. ISSN 2620-522X.
Bibliography
- Ferdiyayan (2016). "Islamisasi di Lembah Palu Pada Abad XVII" (PDF). repositori.uin-alauddin.ac.id (in Indonesian). Makassar, Indonesia: Alauddin Islamic State University.